{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:uart",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "UART",
    "properties": {
      "id": "uart",
      "name": "UART",
      "aka": [
        "universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter",
        "serial port",
        "TTL serial"
      ],
      "section": "topic-data",
      "definition": "The simple asynchronous serial link found on almost every microcontroller: one transmit and one receive line, no shared clock, both ends set to the same baud rate such as 115 200 bit/s. BMS boards use it for debugging and firmware loading and, through an RS-232 or RS-485 transceiver, over longer cables.",
      "related": [
        "rs-232-rs-485",
        "mcu",
        "firmware",
        "i2c"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/uart/",
      "mentions": [
        "bms"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:uart/topic:topic-data",
      "source": "term:uart",
      "target": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:uart/term:rs-232-rs-485",
      "source": "term:uart",
      "target": "term:rs-232-rs-485",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:uart/term:mcu",
      "source": "term:uart",
      "target": "term:mcu",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:uart/term:firmware",
      "source": "term:uart",
      "target": "term:firmware",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:uart/term:i2c",
      "source": "term:uart",
      "target": "term:i2c",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/uart/bms",
      "source": "term:uart",
      "target": "term:bms",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Data, communication and electronics",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-data",
        "name": "Data, communication and electronics",
        "lede": "The control units, chips, protocols and file formats through which a battery is measured, controlled and logged.",
        "context": "Separate quantities from encoding and transport.",
        "example": "2500 in a log might mean 25.00 °C, 2.5 V or raw counts. Units and scale must accompany the value.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/",
        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:rs-232-rs-485",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "RS-232 and RS-485",
      "properties": {
        "id": "rs-232-rs-485",
        "name": "RS-232 and RS-485",
        "aka": [
          "RS-232",
          "RS-485",
          "EIA-232",
          "EIA-485",
          "TIA-485"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "Two electrical standards for serial links. RS-232 is single-ended and point-to-point, with ±3 to ±15 V signals over up to about 15 m; RS-485 is differential and multidrop, carrying up to 32 standard loads over about 1 200 m of twisted pair. Stationary batteries and inverters commonly run Modbus over RS-485.",
        "related": [
          "modbus",
          "uart",
          "can-bus",
          "stationary-storage"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/rs-232-rs-485/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:mcu",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Microcontroller",
      "properties": {
        "id": "mcu",
        "name": "Microcontroller",
        "abbr": "MCU",
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "The processor that runs BMS firmware: state estimation, protection, balancing decisions and communication. Automotive BMS controllers use safety microcontrollers with lockstep cores and hardware self-tests so they can meet ASIL C or D.",
        "related": [
          "bmu",
          "firmware",
          "functional-safety",
          "fpga",
          "afe"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/mcu/",
        "mentions": [
          "bms",
          "lockstep-core"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:firmware",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Firmware",
      "properties": {
        "id": "firmware",
        "name": "Firmware",
        "aka": [
          "embedded software",
          "BMS software"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "The software that runs on a BMS or charger controller. Its version decides how SOC, limits and faults behave, so it is tracked like a part number, updated by flashing over CAN or over the air, and recorded in the battery passport.",
        "related": [
          "mcu",
          "flashing",
          "bmu",
          "battery-passport",
          "functional-safety",
          "built-in-test"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/firmware/",
        "mentions": [
          "charger",
          "state-of-charge",
          "bms",
          "over-the-air-update"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:i2c",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "I²C",
      "properties": {
        "id": "i2c",
        "name": "I²C",
        "aka": [
          "I2C",
          "IIC",
          "inter-integrated circuit",
          "TWI",
          "two-wire interface"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "A two-wire serial bus — one clock line and one data line, both pulled up — on which a controller addresses many small chips at 100 kbit/s, 400 kbit/s or faster. Inside a battery pack it links the fuel gauge, protection chip, memory and temperature sensors; SMBus is derived from it with tighter timing rules.",
        "related": [
          "smbus",
          "fuel-gauge",
          "afe",
          "mcu",
          "gpio",
          "pmbus"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/i2c/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:bms",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery management system",
      "properties": {
        "id": "bms",
        "name": "Battery management system",
        "abbr": "BMS",
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The electronics and software that keep a battery inside its safe window: measuring every cell voltage and many temperatures, estimating SOC and SOH, balancing cells, computing current limits, controlling the contactors and reporting over the vehicle network.",
        "related": [
          "state-of-charge",
          "cell-balancing",
          "state-of-power",
          "cell-supervision-circuit",
          "contactor",
          "can-bus"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/bms/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-health",
          "cell-voltage"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}