{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:transmission-electron-microscopy",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Transmission electron microscopy",
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      "id": "transmission-electron-microscopy",
      "name": "Transmission electron microscopy",
      "abbr": "TEM",
      "aka": [
        "STEM",
        "HRTEM"
      ],
      "section": "topic-analysis",
      "definition": "Imaging by passing an electron beam through a specimen thinner than about 100 nm, fine enough to resolve rows of atoms. It reveals the nanometre-thick rock-salt layer that forms on aged nickel-rich particles, the structure of SEI and CEI, and cracks within particles; specimens are usually thinned with a focused ion beam.",
      "related": [
        "scanning-electron-microscopy",
        "cryo-electron-microscopy",
        "focused-ion-beam-sem",
        "structural-degradation",
        "cei"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/transmission-electron-microscopy/",
      "mentions": [
        "sei"
      ]
    }
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      "id": "topic:topic-analysis",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Materials analysis and post-mortem",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-analysis",
        "name": "Materials analysis and post-mortem",
        "lede": "The laboratory techniques that look inside electrodes, interphases and electrolytes to see what a cell is made of and how it aged.",
        "context": "Connect results with scale and specimen preparation.",
        "example": "Surface and bulk measurements may find different compositions in the same electrode without contradiction.",
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        "lesson_label": "Open materials lab"
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      "id": "term:scanning-electron-microscopy",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Scanning electron microscopy",
      "properties": {
        "id": "scanning-electron-microscopy",
        "name": "Scanning electron microscopy",
        "abbr": "SEM",
        "section": "topic-analysis",
        "definition": "Imaging a surface with a focused electron beam at magnifications far beyond light microscopy. In battery work it shows particle cracking, plated lithium and coating morphology; cross-sections show the layer structure of an electrode.",
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          "post-mortem",
          "particle-cracking",
          "x-ray-diffraction"
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          "coating"
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      "id": "term:cryo-electron-microscopy",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cryo-electron microscopy",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cryo-electron-microscopy",
        "name": "Cryo-electron microscopy",
        "abbr": "cryo-EM",
        "aka": [
          "cryo-TEM",
          "cryogenic electron microscopy"
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        "section": "topic-analysis",
        "definition": "Electron microscopy of samples kept near liquid-nitrogen temperature, which spares beam-sensitive materials from damage. It produced the first atomic-resolution images of lithium-metal dendrites and their SEI in 2017 and is now a standard tool for lithium-metal anodes and other fragile interphases.",
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        "mentions": []
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      "id": "term:focused-ion-beam-sem",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Focused ion beam SEM",
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        "name": "Focused ion beam SEM",
        "abbr": "FIB-SEM",
        "aka": [
          "focused ion beam",
          "FIB",
          "plasma FIB",
          "serial sectioning"
        ],
        "section": "topic-analysis",
        "definition": "A scanning electron microscope paired with an ion beam that mills material away at a chosen spot. It cuts clean cross-sections through particles and coatings, lifts out thin slices for TEM, and by alternately milling and imaging rebuilds an electrode’s microstructure in 3D for porosity and tortuosity.",
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          "scanning-electron-microscopy",
          "transmission-electron-microscopy",
          "porosity",
          "tortuosity",
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        "mentions": [
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      "id": "term:structural-degradation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Structural degradation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "structural-degradation",
        "name": "Structural degradation",
        "aka": [
          "phase transformation",
          "cation mixing"
        ],
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Changes in the crystal structure of a positive material as it cycles: layered oxides can rearrange into spinel or rock-salt phases at the surface, with nickel ions migrating into lithium sites. The new phases block lithium transport and raise resistance.",
        "related": [
          "high-nickel",
          "phase-transition",
          "impedance-rise",
          "loss-of-active-material"
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        "mentions": [
          "lmo"
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:cei",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cathode–electrolyte interphase",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cei",
        "name": "Cathode–electrolyte interphase",
        "abbr": "CEI",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "The counterpart of the SEI on the positive electrode: a thin layer of electrolyte oxidation products on the oxide surface. It is thinner and less stable than the SEI, and its growth contributes to impedance rise, especially at high voltage.",
        "related": [
          "sei",
          "electrolyte-decomposition",
          "impedance-rise",
          "high-nickel"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cei/",
        "mentions": [
          "impedance",
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "electrolyte",
          "oxidation"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:sei",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Solid–electrolyte interphase",
      "properties": {
        "id": "sei",
        "name": "Solid–electrolyte interphase",
        "abbr": "SEI",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "A film of electrolyte reaction products on the negative-electrode particles — graphite, and also silicon or lithium metal. It protects the electrode from further reaction but grows slowly for the whole life of the cell, consuming cyclable lithium.",
        "related": [
          "passivation",
          "formation",
          "calendar-aging",
          "loss-of-lithium-inventory",
          "cei"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#sei",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/sei/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "graphite",
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}