{
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      "name": "Three-electrode cell",
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      "definition": "A full cell with an added reference electrode, so the potential of each working electrode can be tracked separately during cycling. It reveals, for instance, when the graphite potential drops below 0 V and plating begins.",
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      "source": "term:three-electrode-cell",
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      "source": "term:three-electrode-cell",
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      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Testing methods",
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        "id": "topic-testing",
        "name": "Testing methods",
        "lede": "The measurements and test procedures that characterise a cell or pack, from capacity and pulse tests to abuse and environmental tests.",
        "context": "Record specimen, state, instrument, temperature and timing.",
        "example": "Resistance immediately after a current step can differ from a ten-second value because slower polarization contributes.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
        "lesson_label": "Open capacity measurements"
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      "id": "term:reference-electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Reference electrode",
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        "id": "reference-electrode",
        "name": "Reference electrode",
        "section": "topic-testing",
        "definition": "An electrode of stable, known potential against which another is measured. In lithium-ion work it is a piece of lithium metal, which defines the Li/Li⁺ scale; outside it the standard hydrogen electrode is the primary reference.",
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        "section": "topic-testing",
        "definition": "A test cell with both a real positive and a real negative electrode, as in a product. It is the only configuration that shows lithium inventory loss, since the lithium supply is finite.",
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        "mentions": [
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      "id": "term:lithium-plating",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium plating",
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        "name": "Lithium plating",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Lithium metal depositing on the negative-electrode surface instead of intercalating into it. It is promoted by charging at low temperature or high current.",
        "related": [
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          "fast-charging",
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        "mentions": []
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      "id": "term:electrode-potential",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode potential",
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        "id": "electrode-potential",
        "name": "Electrode potential",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "The potential of an electrode relative to a reference, which for lithium-ion work is lithium metal in the same electrolyte, written as V vs Li/Li⁺. Graphite sits near 0.1 V and layered oxides near 3.7–4.3 V on this scale.",
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      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
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          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
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        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "coating"
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    {
      "id": "term:graphite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Graphite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "graphite",
        "name": "Graphite",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "Layered carbon, the negative active material of nearly all lithium-ion cells. Lithium intercalates between its layers up to LiC₆, a theoretical 372 mAh/g, at a potential about 0.1 V above lithium metal.",
        "related": [
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          "intercalation",
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        "example": {
          "title": "Compare matching mass bases",
          "text": "A graphite value per gram of active material cannot be directly compared with a value including binder, additive and foil."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/graphite/",
        "mentions": [
          "milliampere-hour",
          "active-material"
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    {
      "id": "term:working-and-counter-electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Working and counter electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "working-and-counter-electrode",
        "name": "Working and counter electrode",
        "aka": [
          "working electrode",
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          "auxiliary electrode"
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        "section": "topic-testing",
        "definition": "The two current-carrying electrodes of an electrochemical test: the working electrode is the one being studied, and the counter electrode completes the circuit. In a lithium half-cell the lithium counter electrode doubles as the reference; adding a separate reference electrode makes a three-electrode cell that isolates the working electrode.",
        "related": [
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          "reference-electrode",
          "half-cell",
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/working-and-counter-electrode/",
        "mentions": [
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}