{
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    "id": "term:storage-soc",
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    "label": "Storage state of charge",
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      "id": "storage-soc",
      "name": "Storage state of charge",
      "section": "topic-aging",
      "definition": "The state of charge at which a cell is kept when idle. Calendar aging rises with SOC because the negative electrode sits at a lower, more reactive potential, so cells are shipped and stored at 30–50 % rather than full.",
      "unit": "%",
      "related": [
        "calendar-aging",
        "state-of-charge",
        "shipping-soc"
      ],
      "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#storage-soc",
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/storage-soc/",
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        "electrode",
        "negative-electrode"
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      "id": "topic:topic-aging",
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        "name": "Aging and degradation",
        "lede": "Why a cell loses capacity and gains resistance, and the mechanisms behind it.",
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      "id": "term:calendar-aging",
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        "definition": "Degradation that happens with time even when a cell is not cycled — in storage, for example. It is driven mainly by side reactions such as SEI growth and accelerates with temperature.",
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        "name": "State of charge",
        "abbr": "SOC",
        "section": "topic-state",
        "definition": "How full a cell is, as a fraction of its available capacity. State of charge, like temperature, affects how fast a stored cell ages.",
        "unit": "%",
        "related": [
          "depth-of-discharge",
          "ocv-soc-curve",
          "coulomb-counting",
          "state-of-health",
          "bms"
        ],
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          "title": "Interpret a charge inventory",
          "text": "If available capacity is 5 Ah and 3 Ah remains by the chosen estimator, SOC is 60%. A different estimate of available capacity changes this percentage, so compare SOC values only with the capacity convention recorded."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/state-of-charge/",
        "mentions": [
          "usable-capacity"
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      "id": "term:shipping-soc",
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      "label": "Shipping state of charge",
      "properties": {
        "id": "shipping-soc",
        "name": "Shipping state of charge",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "The state of charge at which cells leave the factory and travel, kept low to reduce both calendar aging and the energy available in an incident. Air-freight rules cap lithium-ion cells shipped alone at 30 %, and plants often target 10–20 %.",
        "unit": "%",
        "related": [
          "storage-soc",
          "transport-regulations",
          "calendar-aging"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/shipping-soc/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-charge"
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      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
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        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
          "current-collector"
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          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:negative-electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Negative electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "negative-electrode",
        "name": "Negative electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The electrode at the lower potential, usually graphite on copper foil in a lithium-ion cell. It holds the lithium when the cell is charged and releases it on discharge, and industry calls it the anode.",
        "related": [
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          "graphite",
          "positive-electrode",
          "copper-foil"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
        "example": {
          "title": "Keep the polarity name",
          "text": "Graphite remains the negative electrode during charge and discharge, while the anode/cathode reaction labels change with operating direction."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/negative-electrode/",
        "mentions": [
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    {
      "id": "lesson:fundamentals/battery-aging/",
      "type": "Lesson",
      "label": "Lesson 4 · Battery aging",
      "properties": {
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-aging/"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "visual:self-discharge",
      "type": "Visual",
      "label": "Charge retention during storage",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Charge retention during storage",
        "summary": "A constant fractional loss produces an exponential decline.",
        "readout": "After 6 months: 83.297% retained; after 12: 69.384%.",
        "formula": "Q(t)/Q₀ = (1 − monthly loss)^t",
        "note": "Constant fractional loss; chemistry and temperature effects are not modeled.",
        "software": {
          "status": "reference",
          "label": "Reference concept",
          "body": "This is an illustrative retention model. battery-core aging functions do not estimate self-discharge. Reversible charge loss differs from permanent capacity fade.",
          "href": "../fundamentals/battery-aging/"
        },
        "html": "<figure class=\"visual-figure\"><figcaption>Stored charge retention</figcaption><svg class=\"visual-chart\" viewBox=\"0 0 360 330\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"static-self-discharge-0-title static-self-discharge-0-desc\"><title id=\"static-self-discharge-0-title\">Stored charge retention</title><desc id=\"static-self-discharge-0-desc\">Storage time (months) versus Fraction of initial charge (%). Charge retained. Interpretation follows the graphs.</desc><path d=\"M74,238h268\" stroke=\"currentColor\" opacity=\".13\"/><text x=\"64\" y=\"242\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">0</text><text x=\"74\" y=\"265\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">0</text><path d=\"M74,188.5h268\" stroke=\"currentColor\" opacity=\".13\"/><text x=\"64\" y=\"192.5\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">25</text><text x=\"141\" y=\"265\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">3</text><path d=\"M74,139h268\" stroke=\"currentColor\" opacity=\".13\"/><text x=\"64\" y=\"143\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">50</text><text x=\"208\" y=\"265\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">6</text><path d=\"M74,89.5h268\" stroke=\"currentColor\" opacity=\".13\"/><text x=\"64\" y=\"93.5\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">75</text><text x=\"275\" y=\"265\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">9</text><path d=\"M74,40h268\" stroke=\"currentColor\" opacity=\".13\"/><text x=\"64\" y=\"44\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">100</text><text x=\"342\" y=\"265\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"currentColor\">12</text><path d=\"M74,40v198h268\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" opacity=\".3\"/><polyline fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2459a8\" stroke-width=\"2.8\" points=\"74.00,40.00 76.23,40.60 78.47,41.20 80.70,41.80 82.93,42.40 85.17,42.99 87.40,43.59 89.63,44.18 91.87,44.77 94.10,45.35 96.33,45.94 98.57,46.52 100.80,47.11 103.03,47.69 105.27,48.27 107.50,48.84 109.73,49.42 111.97,49.99 114.20,50.56 116.43,51.13 118.67,51.70 120.90,52.27 123.13,52.83 125.37,53.40 127.60,53.96 129.83,54.52 132.07,55.08 134.30,55.63 136.53,56.19 138.77,56.74 141.00,57.29 143.23,57.84 145.47,58.39 147.70,58.93 149.93,59.48 152.17,60.02 154.40,60.56 156.63,61.10 158.87,61.64 161.10,62.18 163.33,62.71 165.57,63.25 167.80,63.78 170.03,64.31 172.27,64.83 174.50,65.36 176.73,65.89 178.97,66.41 181.20,66.93 183.43,67.45 185.67,67.97 187.90,68.49 190.13,69.00 192.37,69.52 194.60,70.03 196.83,70.54 199.07,71.05 201.30,71.56 203.53,72.06 205.77,72.57 208.00,73.07 210.23,73.57 212.47,74.07 214.70,74.57 216.93,75.07 219.17,75.56 221.40,76.06 223.63,76.55 225.87,77.04 228.10,77.53 230.33,78.02 232.57,78.51 234.80,78.99 237.03,79.47 239.27,79.96 241.50,80.44 243.73,80.92 245.97,81.39 248.20,81.87 250.43,82.35 252.67,82.82 254.90,83.29 257.13,83.76 259.37,84.23 261.60,84.70 263.83,85.16 266.07,85.63 268.30,86.09 270.53,86.55 272.77,87.02 275.00,87.47 277.23,87.93 279.47,88.39 281.70,88.84 283.93,89.30 286.17,89.75 288.40,90.20 290.63,90.65 292.87,91.10 295.10,91.54 297.33,91.99 299.57,92.43 301.80,92.88 304.03,93.32 306.27,93.76 308.50,94.20 310.73,94.63 312.97,95.07 315.20,95.50 317.43,95.94 319.67,96.37 321.90,96.80 324.13,97.23 326.37,97.66 328.60,98.09 330.83,98.51 333.07,98.94 335.30,99.36 337.53,99.78 339.77,100.20 342.00,100.62\"/><text transform=\"translate(208 303)\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"currentColor\"><tspan x=\"0\" dy=\"0\">Storage time (months)</tspan></text><text transform=\"translate(20 139) rotate(-90)\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"currentColor\"><tspan x=\"0\" dy=\"-8\">Fraction of initial</tspan><tspan x=\"0\" dy=\"16\">charge (%)</tspan></text></svg><div class=\"visual-legend\"><span><i style=\"background:#2459a8\"></i>Charge retained</span></div></figure>"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:edge-degradation",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Lithium ion battery degradation: what you need to know",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Lithium ion battery degradation: what you need to know",
        "publisher": "Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CP00359C",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Degradation mechanisms, modes, operational effects and their interactions.",
        "year": 2021,
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}
