{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:stationary-storage",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Stationary storage",
    "properties": {
      "id": "stationary-storage",
      "name": "Stationary storage",
      "abbr": "BESS",
      "aka": [
        "battery energy storage system",
        "ESS"
      ],
      "section": "topic-applications",
      "definition": "Batteries installed in a fixed place — a container at a solar farm, a cabinet in a home — to shift energy in time or support the grid. LFP cells dominate because cost per cycle and safety matter more than mass.",
      "related": [
        "lfp",
        "energy-management-system",
        "inverter",
        "energy-arbitrage",
        "long-duration-storage",
        "ul-9540a"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/stationary-storage/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
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      "source": "term:stationary-storage",
      "target": "topic:topic-applications",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
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    {
      "id": "edge:3139",
      "source": "term:stationary-storage",
      "target": "term:lfp",
      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
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        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "source": "term:stationary-storage",
      "target": "term:energy-arbitrage",
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      "id": "edge:3144",
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      "properties": {
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      "id": "edge:3145",
      "source": "term:stationary-storage",
      "target": "reference:doe-storage",
      "type": "cites",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "wiki-references.json",
        "scope": "direct technical reference"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-applications",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Applications and market",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-applications",
        "name": "Applications and market",
        "lede": "Where batteries are used, and the terms used to buy, size and compare them.",
        "context": "Start with mission energy, peak power and operating conditions.",
        "example": "20 kWh total energy and a ten-second 100 kW peak constrain different design aspects.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
        "lesson_label": "Open energy and power"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lfp",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "LFP",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lfp",
        "name": "LFP",
        "aka": [
          "lithium iron phosphate",
          "LiFePO₄"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A positive electrode material, LiFePO₄, giving cells a nominal voltage around 3.2 V, long cycle life and good thermal stability, but less energy per kilogram than nickel-rich oxides. Its flat voltage curve makes state of charge hard to read from voltage alone.",
        "related": [
          "cathode-active-material",
          "nmc",
          "lmfp",
          "ocv-soc-curve",
          "cycle-life"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#voltage",
        "example": {
          "title": "Chemistry is not the whole datasheet",
          "text": "Two LFP products can differ in format, loading, capacity and current limits. Their cathode family alone does not make them interchangeable."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lfp/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "nominal-voltage",
          "discharge-curve",
          "state-of-charge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:energy-management-system",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Energy management system",
      "properties": {
        "id": "energy-management-system",
        "name": "Energy management system",
        "abbr": "EMS",
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The site-level controller of a storage system that decides when to charge and discharge according to prices, grid signals and the battery’s limits, and dispatches those commands to the BMS and inverters.",
        "related": [
          "bms",
          "inverter",
          "stationary-storage",
          "modbus",
          "energy-arbitrage"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/energy-management-system/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:inverter",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Inverter",
      "properties": {
        "id": "inverter",
        "name": "Inverter",
        "aka": [
          "power conversion system",
          "PCS"
        ],
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The power electronics that turn the battery’s DC into AC for a motor or the grid, and back again for charging. In stationary storage it is called the power conversion system and its rating in kW or MW sets the system’s power independently of the battery’s energy.",
        "related": [
          "pre-charge",
          "dc-dc-converter",
          "stationary-storage",
          "energy-management-system",
          "direct-current",
          "iec-62477-1"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/inverter/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:energy-arbitrage",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Energy arbitrage",
      "properties": {
        "id": "energy-arbitrage",
        "name": "Energy arbitrage",
        "aka": [
          "peak shaving",
          "load shifting"
        ],
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "Charging a battery when electricity is cheap and discharging when it is expensive, the simplest revenue of grid storage. Peak shaving is the same idea applied to a site’s demand charges.",
        "related": [
          "stationary-storage",
          "energy-management-system",
          "frequency-regulation",
          "levelized-cost-of-storage"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/energy-arbitrage/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:long-duration-storage",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Long-duration energy storage",
      "properties": {
        "id": "long-duration-storage",
        "name": "Long-duration energy storage",
        "abbr": "LDES",
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "Storage that discharges for eight hours or more, filling gaps that lithium-ion’s one-to-four-hour systems leave. Flow, iron–air and thermal technologies compete for it by making energy capacity cheap even when power is not.",
        "related": [
          "stationary-storage",
          "flow-battery",
          "e-rate",
          "levelized-cost-of-storage"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/long-duration-storage/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:ul-9540a",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "UL 9540A",
      "properties": {
        "id": "ul-9540a",
        "name": "UL 9540A",
        "section": "topic-standards-stationary",
        "definition": "A test method, not a pass/fail standard, that characterises thermal runaway and propagation in stationary storage at cell, module, unit and installation level. Fire codes use its data to decide spacing and suppression for a storage site.",
        "related": [
          "thermal-propagation",
          "stationary-storage",
          "fire-suppression",
          "propagation-test",
          "nfpa-855"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/ul-9540a/",
        "mentions": [
          "thermal-runaway"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:doe-storage",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA",
      "properties": {
        "title": "DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA",
        "publisher": "Sandia National Laboratories",
        "url": "https://www.sandia.gov/ess/publications/eshb/doe-epri-nreca",
        "type": "Technical handbook",
        "scope": "Storage technologies and grid services. The publisher notes that its historical cost and deployment figures are outdated.",
        "year": 2013,
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}