{
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      "definition": "A lithium ion in a liquid electrolyte travels wrapped in a shell of solvent molecules and must shed it, at an energy cost, before entering graphite. Desolvation is a large part of charge-transfer resistance, especially in the cold.",
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        "carbonate-solvent",
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        "electrode-potential",
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      "id": "edge:1973",
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      "id": "edge:1975",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
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      "id": "edge:mentions/solvation/graphite",
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      "id": "edge:1978",
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      "id": "topic:topic-electrochemistry",
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      "label": "Electrochemistry fundamentals",
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        "id": "topic-electrochemistry",
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        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
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      "id": "term:carbonate-solvent",
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      "label": "Carbonate solvent",
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        "id": "carbonate-solvent",
        "name": "Carbonate solvent",
        "aka": [
          "EC",
          "DMC",
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          "DEC"
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        "definition": "The organic liquids that dissolve the lithium salt: cyclic ethylene carbonate, which forms a stable SEI, blended with linear carbonates such as DMC or EMC to lower viscosity. All are flammable, which is a root of lithium-ion fire risk.",
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      "id": "term:charge-transfer",
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        "id": "charge-transfer",
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        "definition": "The step in which an electron crosses the interface between electrode and electrolyte as an ion is inserted or removed. Its resistance appears as a semicircle in impedance spectra and grows as films thicken and the cell cools.",
        "related": [
          "butler-volmer",
          "double-layer",
          "electrochemical-impedance-spectroscopy",
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          "solvation"
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      "id": "term:electrode-potential",
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        "id": "electrode-potential",
        "name": "Electrode potential",
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      "id": "term:fast-charging",
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      "label": "Fast charging",
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        "id": "fast-charging",
        "name": "Fast charging",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "Charging intended to replenish a specified amount of energy or state of charge in a short time. There is no universal C-rate threshold: performance depends on cell chemistry, temperature, starting state and power limits. High current can increase heating and lithium-plating risk, requiring appropriate limits.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-plating",
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        "mentions": [
          "state-of-charge"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:graphite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Graphite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "graphite",
        "name": "Graphite",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "Layered carbon, the negative active material of nearly all lithium-ion cells. Lithium intercalates between its layers up to LiC₆, a theoretical 372 mAh/g, at a potential about 0.1 V above lithium metal.",
        "related": [
          "anode-active-material",
          "intercalation",
          "natural-graphite",
          "synthetic-graphite",
          "lithium-plating"
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        "example": {
          "title": "Compare matching mass bases",
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/graphite/",
        "mentions": [
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    {
      "id": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte",
        "name": "Electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "carbonate-solvent",
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          "ionic-conductivity",
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          "ionic-liquid-electrolyte"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#electrolyte",
        "example": {
          "title": "Ions and electrons",
          "text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lesson:fundamentals/cell-architecture/",
      "type": "Lesson",
      "label": "Lesson 1B · Cell architecture",
      "properties": {
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    },
    {
      "id": "reference:xu-electrolytes",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Electrolytes and Interphases in Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Electrolytes and Interphases in Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond",
        "publisher": "Chemical Reviews",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500003w",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Electrolyte salts, solvents, additives and electrode interphases.",
        "year": 2014,
        "authors": [
          "Kang Xu"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}