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      "definition": "The mixture of active material, conductive carbon, binder and solvent that is coated onto a current-collector foil to make an electrode. Positive slurries use NMP as solvent; graphite slurries are water-based.",
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        "coating",
        "nmp",
        "binder",
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/#electrodes"
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      "id": "edge:2270",
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      "id": "topic:topic-manufacturing",
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        "lede": "The steps that turn powders and foils into a finished cell, in production order.",
        "context": "Place operations and quality checks in process order.",
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        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/",
        "lesson_label": "Open production"
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:mixing",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Mixing",
      "properties": {
        "id": "mixing",
        "name": "Mixing",
        "aka": [
          "slurry preparation"
        ],
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Dispersing active material, conductive carbon and binder in solvent to a uniform slurry with the right viscosity for coating. Order of addition and shear history matter: poorly dispersed carbon leaves particles electrically stranded.",
        "related": [
          "slurry",
          "coating",
          "binder",
          "conductive-additive",
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        "example": {
          "title": "Composition is not the process",
          "text": "Equal component masses with different mixing histories can produce different dispersion and coating behavior."
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/mixing/",
        "mentions": [
          "active-material"
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      "id": "term:coating",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Coating",
      "properties": {
        "id": "coating",
        "name": "Coating",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Applying slurry to the moving foil at a controlled wet thickness, usually with a slot die, often on both sides. Coating weight per area must be held within about one percent across the web, because every downstream property depends on it.",
        "related": [
          "slot-die",
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          "drying",
          "electrode-manufacturing"
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        "example": {
          "title": "Wet and dry thickness differ",
          "text": "Wet coating includes solvent. Dry thickness also depends on retained solids and resulting structure."
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/coating/",
        "mentions": [
          "slurry"
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    {
      "id": "term:nmp",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "NMP",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nmp",
        "name": "NMP",
        "aka": [
          "N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone"
        ],
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "The solvent that dissolves PVDF binder for positive-electrode slurries. It is toxic and regulated, so plants recover and distil nearly all of it; eliminating it is a main motivation for dry electrode processes.",
        "related": [
          "pvdf",
          "slurry",
          "solvent-recovery",
          "dry-electrode"
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        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "binder"
        ]
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:binder",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Binder",
      "properties": {
        "id": "binder",
        "name": "Binder",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A polymer that holds electrode particles to each other and to the foil — typically PVDF for positive electrodes and CMC with SBR for graphite. It stores no charge, so cell designers use as little as the electrode needs.",
        "related": [
          "active-material",
          "conductive-additive",
          "slurry",
          "pvdf",
          "nmp",
          "paa"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#composite",
        "example": {
          "title": "Balance coating functions",
          "text": "Increasing binder fraction at fixed coating mass leaves less mass for active material and conductive additive. Adhesion and capacity are separate design considerations."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/binder/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "graphite",
          "cmc",
          "sbr"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:solids-content",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Solids content",
      "properties": {
        "id": "solids-content",
        "name": "Solids content",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "The mass fraction of a slurry that is not solvent, typically 50–70 %. Higher solids means less solvent to dry off, so less energy and a shorter oven, but a thicker slurry that is harder to coat evenly.",
        "unit": "wt %",
        "related": [
          "slurry",
          "drying",
          "coating"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Calculate mass fraction",
          "text": "60 g solids plus 40 g solvent gives 60% solids by mass. This is not the dried electrode’s porosity."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/solids-content/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
          "current-collector"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:active-material",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Active material",
      "properties": {
        "id": "active-material",
        "name": "Active material",
        "abbr": "AM",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The part of an electrode that actually stores lithium — graphite on the negative side, an oxide or phosphate on the positive. It makes up most of the electrode coating; the rest is binder and conductive additive.",
        "related": [
          "cathode-active-material",
          "anode-active-material",
          "binder",
          "conductive-additive",
          "specific-capacity"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#composite",
        "example": {
          "title": "Choose a mass basis",
          "text": "A 100 g coating containing 95 g active material has different specific-capacity numbers when normalized to active mass versus total coating mass."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/active-material/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "graphite",
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:graphite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Graphite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "graphite",
        "name": "Graphite",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "Layered carbon, the negative active material of nearly all lithium-ion cells. Lithium intercalates between its layers up to LiC₆, a theoretical 372 mAh/g, at a potential about 0.1 V above lithium metal.",
        "related": [
          "anode-active-material",
          "intercalation",
          "natural-graphite",
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          "lithium-plating"
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        "example": {
          "title": "Compare matching mass bases",
          "text": "A graphite value per gram of active material cannot be directly compared with a value including binder, additive and foil."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/graphite/",
        "mentions": [
          "milliampere-hour",
          "active-material"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:conductive-additive",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Conductive additive",
      "properties": {
        "id": "conductive-additive",
        "name": "Conductive additive",
        "aka": [
          "carbon black",
          "conductive carbon"
        ],
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "Fine carbon, such as carbon black or carbon nanotubes, added in small amounts to an electrode so that electrons can reach every active particle. Many active materials conduct electrons poorly on their own.",
        "related": [
          "active-material",
          "binder",
          "electronic-conductivity",
          "slurry"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#composite",
        "example": {
          "title": "Distribution matters",
          "text": "Two coatings with the same additive mass can have different electronic connectivity if the additive is distributed differently."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/conductive-additive/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "carbon-nanotube"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lesson:fundamentals/cell-production/",
      "type": "Lesson",
      "label": "Lesson 3 · Cell production",
      "properties": {
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:liu-manufacturing",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing",
        "publisher": "iScience",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102332",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Electrode preparation, cell assembly, formation and manufacturing trade-offs.",
        "year": 2021,
        "authors": [
          "Yangtao Liu",
          "Ruihan Zhang",
          "Jun Wang",
          "Yan Wang"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}