{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:silicon-anode",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Silicon anode",
    "properties": {
      "id": "silicon-anode",
      "name": "Silicon anode",
      "aka": [
        "silicon-graphite",
        "SiOx"
      ],
      "section": "topic-components",
      "definition": "A negative electrode that uses silicon, which alloys with lithium and stores roughly ten times more charge per gram than graphite but swells by up to 300 %. Today it is blended into graphite at a few percent to limit the swelling.",
      "related": [
        "graphite",
        "alloying",
        "particle-cracking",
        "swelling",
        "self-healing-binder"
      ],
      "example": {
        "title": "Read the mixture basis",
        "text": "A silicon-containing electrode may be a blend rather than pure silicon. A silicon percentage needs a clear mass basis."
      },
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/silicon-anode/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrode",
        "negative-electrode"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:393",
      "source": "term:silicon-anode",
      "target": "topic:topic-components",
      "type": "belongsTo",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:394",
      "source": "term:silicon-anode",
      "target": "term:graphite",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:395",
      "source": "term:silicon-anode",
      "target": "term:alloying",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:396",
      "source": "term:silicon-anode",
      "target": "term:particle-cracking",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:397",
      "source": "term:silicon-anode",
      "target": "term:swelling",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:398",
      "source": "term:silicon-anode",
      "target": "term:self-healing-binder",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/silicon-anode/electrode",
      "source": "term:silicon-anode",
      "target": "term:electrode",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
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      "id": "edge:mentions/silicon-anode/negative-electrode",
      "source": "term:silicon-anode",
      "target": "term:negative-electrode",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
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      "id": "edge:401",
      "source": "term:silicon-anode",
      "target": "reference:choi-post-li",
      "type": "cites",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "wiki-references.json",
        "scope": "direct technical reference"
      }
    }
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  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-components",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Cell components and electrode materials",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-components",
        "name": "Cell components and electrode materials",
        "lede": "What a cell is physically made of — active materials, binders, additives, foils and tabs — and how its electrodes are put together.",
        "context": "Connect each material with its function.",
        "example": "Electrons travel through additive, foil and tab; ions use electrolyte and separator pathways.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:graphite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Graphite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "graphite",
        "name": "Graphite",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "Layered carbon, the negative active material of nearly all lithium-ion cells. Lithium intercalates between its layers up to LiC₆, a theoretical 372 mAh/g, at a potential about 0.1 V above lithium metal.",
        "related": [
          "anode-active-material",
          "intercalation",
          "natural-graphite",
          "synthetic-graphite",
          "lithium-plating"
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        "example": {
          "title": "Compare matching mass bases",
          "text": "A graphite value per gram of active material cannot be directly compared with a value including binder, additive and foil."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/graphite/",
        "mentions": [
          "milliampere-hour",
          "active-material"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:alloying",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Alloying reaction",
      "properties": {
        "id": "alloying",
        "name": "Alloying reaction",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "An electrode mechanism in which lithium forms an alloy with the host, as it does with silicon, tin or aluminium. It stores far more lithium per atom than intercalation at the cost of volume changes of several hundred percent.",
        "related": [
          "silicon-anode",
          "intercalation",
          "conversion-reaction",
          "particle-cracking",
          "tin-anode"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/alloying/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:particle-cracking",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Particle cracking",
      "properties": {
        "id": "particle-cracking",
        "name": "Particle cracking",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Fracture of active-material particles from the volume change of repeated lithium insertion and removal. New surfaces consume electrolyte to form fresh SEI, and fragments that lose contact no longer store lithium.",
        "related": [
          "cycle-aging",
          "loss-of-active-material",
          "silicon-anode",
          "single-crystal",
          "depth-of-discharge"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#cracking",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/particle-cracking/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "sei"
        ]
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:swelling",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Swelling",
      "properties": {
        "id": "swelling",
        "name": "Swelling",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Growth in a cell’s thickness, reversibly as the electrodes expand on charge and irreversibly as gas and SEI accumulate. Packs allow for it with compression pads, and a sudden swell in service is a warning sign.",
        "related": [
          "gas-generation",
          "pouch-cell",
          "silicon-anode",
          "stack-pressure",
          "compression-pad",
          "swelling-test"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/swelling/",
        "mentions": [
          "sei"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:self-healing-binder",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Self-healing binder",
      "properties": {
        "id": "self-healing-binder",
        "name": "Self-healing binder",
        "aka": [
          "self-healing polymer binder",
          "dynamic binder"
        ],
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A binder made of polymers with reversible bonds — hydrogen bonds, disulfide links or host–guest pairs — that re-form after the network tears. It targets silicon and other alloying anodes, whose particles swell by up to 300 % and crack ordinary binders; a 2013 study showed such a polymer keeping silicon microparticle electrodes cycling far longer.",
        "related": [
          "binder",
          "silicon-anode",
          "alloying",
          "particle-cracking",
          "binder-degradation",
          "paa"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/self-healing-binder/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
          "current-collector"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:negative-electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Negative electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "negative-electrode",
        "name": "Negative electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The electrode at the lower potential, usually graphite on copper foil in a lithium-ion cell. It holds the lithium when the cell is charged and releases it on discharge, and industry calls it the anode.",
        "related": [
          "anode",
          "graphite",
          "positive-electrode",
          "copper-foil"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
        "example": {
          "title": "Keep the polarity name",
          "text": "Graphite remains the negative electrode during charge and discharge, while the anode/cathode reaction labels change with operating direction."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/negative-electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:choi-post-li",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities",
        "publisher": "Nature Reviews Materials",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.13",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Post-lithium-ion materials and battery concepts, including practical cell-level limitations; historical 2016 perspective.",
        "year": 2016,
        "authors": [
          "Jang Wook Choi",
          "Doron Aurbach"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}