{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:separator",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Separator",
    "properties": {
      "id": "separator",
      "name": "Separator",
      "section": "topic-electrolytes",
      "definition": "A porous, electronically insulating film between the electrodes. Electrons cannot cross it; ions move through the electrolyte in its pores.",
      "related": [
        "electrolyte",
        "ceramic-coated-separator",
        "separator-shutdown",
        "internal-short-circuit",
        "porosity"
      ],
      "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#separator",
      "example": {
        "title": "Different conduction paths",
        "text": "A separator prevents direct electronic contact while permitting ionic transport through its electrolyte-filled structure."
      },
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/separator/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:483",
      "source": "term:separator",
      "target": "topic:topic-electrolytes",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:484",
      "source": "term:separator",
      "target": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:485",
      "source": "term:separator",
      "target": "term:ceramic-coated-separator",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:486",
      "source": "term:separator",
      "target": "term:separator-shutdown",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:487",
      "source": "term:separator",
      "target": "term:internal-short-circuit",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:488",
      "source": "term:separator",
      "target": "term:porosity",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:489",
      "source": "term:separator",
      "target": "lesson:fundamentals/cell-architecture/",
      "type": "explainedIn",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-architecture/#separator"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:490",
      "source": "term:separator",
      "target": "visual:porous",
      "type": "illustratedBy",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "visual-pages.json"
      }
    }
  ],
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    {
      "id": "topic:topic-electrolytes",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Electrolytes and separators",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-electrolytes",
        "name": "Electrolytes and separators",
        "lede": "What sits between the electrodes: liquid, gel and solid electrolytes, their salts, solvents and additives, and the separator that keeps the electrodes apart.",
        "context": "Connect transport with electronic isolation.",
        "example": "Greater liquid uptake may improve wetting while changing mechanical behavior. Several properties define separator performance.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte",
        "name": "Electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "carbonate-solvent",
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "ionic-conductivity",
          "solid-electrolyte",
          "ionic-liquid-electrolyte"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#electrolyte",
        "example": {
          "title": "Ions and electrons",
          "text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:ceramic-coated-separator",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Ceramic-coated separator",
      "properties": {
        "id": "ceramic-coated-separator",
        "name": "Ceramic-coated separator",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "A polyolefin separator coated with a thin layer of alumina or boehmite particles. The ceramic raises the temperature at which the film shrinks, so the electrodes stay apart longer in a thermal event.",
        "related": [
          "separator",
          "separator-shutdown",
          "thermal-runaway"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/ceramic-coated-separator/",
        "mentions": [
          "polyethylene-polypropylene"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:separator-shutdown",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Separator shutdown",
      "properties": {
        "id": "separator-shutdown",
        "name": "Separator shutdown",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "A built-in safety feature of polyolefin separators: around 130 °C the polyethylene layer melts and closes its pores, stopping ion flow and the current with it. It helps only if the separator does not also shrink and let the electrodes touch, so shutdown behavior is not universal.",
        "related": [
          "separator",
          "ceramic-coated-separator",
          "thermal-runaway",
          "onset-temperature"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#separator",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/separator-shutdown/",
        "mentions": [
          "polyethylene-polypropylene"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:internal-short-circuit",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Internal short circuit",
      "properties": {
        "id": "internal-short-circuit",
        "name": "Internal short circuit",
        "abbr": "ISC",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "An unintended electronic path between the electrodes inside a cell — through a metal particle, a burr, a damaged separator or lithium deposits. It discharges the cell internally and turns its energy into local heat.",
        "related": [
          "thermal-runaway",
          "dendrite",
          "separator",
          "external-short-circuit",
          "self-discharge",
          "internal-short-trigger-device"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#short-circuit",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/internal-short-circuit/",
        "mentions": [
          "electronic-path",
          "burr",
          "metal-particle-contamination"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:porosity",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Porosity",
      "properties": {
        "id": "porosity",
        "name": "Porosity",
        "abbr": "ε",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The fraction of a layer’s volume that is empty space. In a lithium-ion electrode the pores — roughly 20–35 % of the volume after calendering — are filled with electrolyte, which carries ions to the particles.",
        "unit": "—",
        "related": [
          "porous-electrode",
          "tortuosity",
          "calendering",
          "bruggeman-relation"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#porosity",
        "example": {
          "title": "Use the volume basis",
          "text": "Pore volume of 0.3 cm³ within 1 cm³ total electrode volume means 30% porosity. It does not specify connectivity or tortuosity."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/porosity/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lesson:fundamentals/cell-architecture/",
      "type": "Lesson",
      "label": "Lesson 1B · Cell architecture",
      "properties": {
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-architecture/"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "visual:porous",
      "type": "Visual",
      "label": "Porosity reduces effective transport",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Porosity reduces effective transport",
        "summary": "A Bruggeman relation approximates transport through a porous medium.",
        "readout": "At 40% porosity, D_eff is 25.298% of bulk diffusivity.",
        "formula": "D_eff = D εᵇ",
        "note": "An empirical pore-structure assumption; actual tortuosity must be characterized.",
        "software": {
          "status": "reference",
          "label": "Reference concept",
          "body": "The flux helper accepts a supplied diffusivity. It does not estimate porosity or tortuosity. The shown D_eff = D εᵇ relationship is an explicit teaching assumption.",
          "href": "../transport/ficks-first-law/"
        },
        "html": "<figure class=\"visual-figure\"><figcaption>Effective diffusivity fraction</figcaption><svg class=\"visual-chart\" viewBox=\"0 0 360 330\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"static-porous-0-title static-porous-0-desc\"><title id=\"static-porous-0-title\">Effective diffusivity fraction</title><desc id=\"static-porous-0-desc\">Porosity ε (fraction) versus D_eff / D (fraction). εᵇ; Straight-pore scaling ε. 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      }
    }
  ]
}
