{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:sbr",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Styrene–butadiene rubber",
    "properties": {
      "id": "sbr",
      "name": "Styrene–butadiene rubber",
      "abbr": "SBR",
      "section": "topic-components",
      "definition": "A rubber latex that gives graphite coatings their flexibility and adhesion to copper, used at about 1–2 % together with CMC. The pair lets negative electrodes be made with water instead of NMP.",
      "related": [
        "cmc",
        "binder",
        "pvdf",
        "nmp"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/sbr/",
      "mentions": [
        "graphite"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:3447",
      "source": "term:sbr",
      "target": "topic:topic-components",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3448",
      "source": "term:sbr",
      "target": "term:cmc",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3449",
      "source": "term:sbr",
      "target": "term:binder",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3450",
      "source": "term:sbr",
      "target": "term:pvdf",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3451",
      "source": "term:sbr",
      "target": "term:nmp",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/sbr/graphite",
      "source": "term:sbr",
      "target": "term:graphite",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3453",
      "source": "term:sbr",
      "target": "reference:liu-manufacturing",
      "type": "cites",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "wiki-references.json",
        "scope": "direct technical reference"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-components",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Cell components and electrode materials",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-components",
        "name": "Cell components and electrode materials",
        "lede": "What a cell is physically made of — active materials, binders, additives, foils and tabs — and how its electrodes are put together.",
        "context": "Connect each material with its function.",
        "example": "Electrons travel through additive, foil and tab; ions use electrolyte and separator pathways.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cmc",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Carboxymethyl cellulose",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cmc",
        "name": "Carboxymethyl cellulose",
        "abbr": "CMC",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A water-soluble cellulose derivative used with SBR as the binder system for graphite electrodes. It thickens the aqueous slurry and disperses the particles; SBR supplies the elasticity.",
        "related": [
          "binder",
          "sbr",
          "slurry",
          "pvdf"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cmc/",
        "mentions": [
          "graphite"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:binder",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Binder",
      "properties": {
        "id": "binder",
        "name": "Binder",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A polymer that holds electrode particles to each other and to the foil — typically PVDF for positive electrodes and CMC with SBR for graphite. It stores no charge, so cell designers use as little as the electrode needs.",
        "related": [
          "active-material",
          "conductive-additive",
          "slurry",
          "pvdf",
          "nmp",
          "paa"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#composite",
        "example": {
          "title": "Balance coating functions",
          "text": "Increasing binder fraction at fixed coating mass leaves less mass for active material and conductive additive. Adhesion and capacity are separate design considerations."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/binder/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "graphite",
          "cmc",
          "sbr"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:pvdf",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "PVDF",
      "properties": {
        "id": "pvdf",
        "name": "PVDF",
        "aka": [
          "polyvinylidene fluoride"
        ],
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The fluoropolymer binder used in most positive electrodes. It dissolves only in solvents such as NMP, which is why positive-electrode slurries are solvent-based and need solvent recovery in the plant.",
        "related": [
          "binder",
          "nmp",
          "coating",
          "dry-electrode"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/pvdf/",
        "mentions": [
          "solvent-recovery"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nmp",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "NMP",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nmp",
        "name": "NMP",
        "aka": [
          "N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone"
        ],
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "The solvent that dissolves PVDF binder for positive-electrode slurries. It is toxic and regulated, so plants recover and distil nearly all of it; eliminating it is a main motivation for dry electrode processes.",
        "related": [
          "pvdf",
          "slurry",
          "solvent-recovery",
          "dry-electrode"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nmp/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "binder"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:graphite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Graphite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "graphite",
        "name": "Graphite",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "Layered carbon, the negative active material of nearly all lithium-ion cells. Lithium intercalates between its layers up to LiC₆, a theoretical 372 mAh/g, at a potential about 0.1 V above lithium metal.",
        "related": [
          "anode-active-material",
          "intercalation",
          "natural-graphite",
          "synthetic-graphite",
          "lithium-plating"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Compare matching mass bases",
          "text": "A graphite value per gram of active material cannot be directly compared with a value including binder, additive and foil."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/graphite/",
        "mentions": [
          "milliampere-hour",
          "active-material"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:liu-manufacturing",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing",
        "publisher": "iScience",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102332",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Electrode preparation, cell assembly, formation and manufacturing trade-offs.",
        "year": 2021,
        "authors": [
          "Yangtao Liu",
          "Ruihan Zhang",
          "Jun Wang",
          "Yan Wang"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}