{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:reference-electrode",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Reference electrode",
    "properties": {
      "id": "reference-electrode",
      "name": "Reference electrode",
      "section": "topic-testing",
      "definition": "An electrode of stable, known potential against which another is measured. In lithium-ion work it is a piece of lithium metal, which defines the Li/Li⁺ scale; outside it the standard hydrogen electrode is the primary reference.",
      "related": [
        "three-electrode-cell",
        "electrode-potential",
        "standard-potential"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/reference-electrode/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrode",
        "standard-hydrogen-electrode"
      ]
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      "source": "term:reference-electrode",
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    {
      "id": "edge:2712",
      "source": "term:reference-electrode",
      "target": "term:three-electrode-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "edge:2713",
      "source": "term:reference-electrode",
      "target": "term:electrode-potential",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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    },
    {
      "id": "edge:2714",
      "source": "term:reference-electrode",
      "target": "term:standard-potential",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/reference-electrode/electrode",
      "source": "term:reference-electrode",
      "target": "term:electrode",
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      "id": "topic:topic-testing",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Testing methods",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-testing",
        "name": "Testing methods",
        "lede": "The measurements and test procedures that characterise a cell or pack, from capacity and pulse tests to abuse and environmental tests.",
        "context": "Record specimen, state, instrument, temperature and timing.",
        "example": "Resistance immediately after a current step can differ from a ten-second value because slower polarization contributes.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
        "lesson_label": "Open capacity measurements"
      }
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    {
      "id": "term:three-electrode-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Three-electrode cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "three-electrode-cell",
        "name": "Three-electrode cell",
        "section": "topic-testing",
        "definition": "A full cell with an added reference electrode, so the potential of each working electrode can be tracked separately during cycling. It reveals, for instance, when the graphite potential drops below 0 V and plating begins.",
        "related": [
          "reference-electrode",
          "full-cell",
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          "electrode-potential"
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        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "graphite",
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      "id": "term:electrode-potential",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode potential",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode-potential",
        "name": "Electrode potential",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "The potential of an electrode relative to a reference, which for lithium-ion work is lithium metal in the same electrolyte, written as V vs Li/Li⁺. Graphite sits near 0.1 V and layered oxides near 3.7–4.3 V on this scale.",
        "unit": "V vs Li/Li⁺",
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          "standard-potential",
          "cell-voltage",
          "reference-electrode",
          "half-reaction"
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        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "graphite",
          "electrolyte"
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      "id": "term:standard-potential",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Standard electrode potential",
      "properties": {
        "id": "standard-potential",
        "name": "Standard electrode potential",
        "abbr": "E°",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "An electrode’s potential under standard conditions, tabulated against the standard hydrogen electrode. Lithium’s −3.04 V is the most negative of any metal, which is why lithium cells have the highest voltages.",
        "unit": "V",
        "related": [
          "electrode-potential",
          "nernst-equation",
          "cell-voltage"
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        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "standard-hydrogen-electrode"
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    {
      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
          "current-collector"
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "coating"
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    {
      "id": "term:standard-hydrogen-electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Standard hydrogen electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "standard-hydrogen-electrode",
        "name": "Standard hydrogen electrode",
        "abbr": "SHE",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "The reference electrode that defines zero on the electrochemical potential scale: platinum in a solution of unit hydrogen-ion activity, bubbled with hydrogen at 1 bar. Battery work mostly uses the Li/Li⁺ scale instead, which sits 3.04 V below it, so 4.2 V vs Li/Li⁺ is about 1.16 V vs SHE.",
        "formula": "E(vs SHE) ≈ E(vs Li/Li⁺) − 3.04 V",
        "unit": "V",
        "related": [
          "reference-electrode",
          "standard-potential",
          "electrode-potential",
          "half-reaction"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Convert a reference potential",
          "text": "Using the approximate standard-state offset of −3.04 V for Li/Li⁺ versus SHE, an electrode at 4.0 V versus Li/Li⁺ is approximately 0.96 V versus SHE. Actual reference conditions and solvent conventions matter."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/standard-hydrogen-electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
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  ]
}