{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:pvdf",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "PVDF",
    "properties": {
      "id": "pvdf",
      "name": "PVDF",
      "aka": [
        "polyvinylidene fluoride"
      ],
      "section": "topic-components",
      "definition": "The fluoropolymer binder used in most positive electrodes. It dissolves only in solvents such as NMP, which is why positive-electrode slurries are solvent-based and need solvent recovery in the plant.",
      "related": [
        "binder",
        "nmp",
        "coating",
        "dry-electrode"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/pvdf/",
      "mentions": [
        "solvent-recovery"
      ]
    }
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      "source": "term:pvdf",
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      "id": "edge:432",
      "source": "term:pvdf",
      "target": "term:binder",
      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
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    {
      "id": "edge:433",
      "source": "term:pvdf",
      "target": "term:nmp",
      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "edge:434",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
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      "id": "edge:435",
      "source": "term:pvdf",
      "target": "term:dry-electrode",
      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "topic:topic-components",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Cell components and electrode materials",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-components",
        "name": "Cell components and electrode materials",
        "lede": "What a cell is physically made of — active materials, binders, additives, foils and tabs — and how its electrodes are put together.",
        "context": "Connect each material with its function.",
        "example": "Electrons travel through additive, foil and tab; ions use electrolyte and separator pathways.",
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        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
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        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A polymer that holds electrode particles to each other and to the foil — typically PVDF for positive electrodes and CMC with SBR for graphite. It stores no charge, so cell designers use as little as the electrode needs.",
        "related": [
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          "title": "Balance coating functions",
          "text": "Increasing binder fraction at fixed coating mass leaves less mass for active material and conductive additive. Adhesion and capacity are separate design considerations."
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        "mentions": [
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    {
      "id": "term:nmp",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "NMP",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nmp",
        "name": "NMP",
        "aka": [
          "N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone"
        ],
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "The solvent that dissolves PVDF binder for positive-electrode slurries. It is toxic and regulated, so plants recover and distil nearly all of it; eliminating it is a main motivation for dry electrode processes.",
        "related": [
          "pvdf",
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      "id": "term:coating",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Coating",
      "properties": {
        "id": "coating",
        "name": "Coating",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Applying slurry to the moving foil at a controlled wet thickness, usually with a slot die, often on both sides. Coating weight per area must be held within about one percent across the web, because every downstream property depends on it.",
        "related": [
          "slot-die",
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          "electrode-manufacturing"
        ],
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        "example": {
          "title": "Wet and dry thickness differ",
          "text": "Wet coating includes solvent. Dry thickness also depends on retained solids and resulting structure."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/coating/",
        "mentions": [
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    {
      "id": "term:dry-electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Dry electrode process",
      "properties": {
        "id": "dry-electrode",
        "name": "Dry electrode process",
        "aka": [
          "dry coating",
          "solvent-free electrode"
        ],
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "A way of making electrodes without solvent: the powders are mixed with a binder that draws out into fine fibres under shear, and the resulting film is pressed onto the foil. It removes the slurry, the dryer and solvent recovery.",
        "related": [
          "ptfe",
          "nmp",
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          "coating"
        ],
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        "example": {
          "title": "Keep process scope clear",
          "text": "A solvent-free electrode step does not make every other assembly and finishing step solvent-free or unnecessary."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/dry-electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "binder",
          "slurry",
          "solvent-recovery"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:solvent-recovery",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Solvent recovery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "solvent-recovery",
        "name": "Solvent recovery",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Condensing the NMP evaporated in the dryer and distilling it for reuse. It is required by law for emissions and makes economic sense, but adds a large plant alongside the coating line.",
        "related": [
          "nmp",
          "drying",
          "dry-electrode"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/solvent-recovery/",
        "mentions": [
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:liu-manufacturing",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing",
        "publisher": "iScience",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102332",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Electrode preparation, cell assembly, formation and manufacturing trade-offs.",
        "year": 2021,
        "authors": [
          "Yangtao Liu",
          "Ruihan Zhang",
          "Jun Wang",
          "Yan Wang"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}