{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:pulse-charging",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Pulse charging",
    "properties": {
      "id": "pulse-charging",
      "name": "Pulse charging",
      "section": "topic-charging",
      "definition": "Charging with current pulses separated by rests or short discharges, intended to let concentration gradients relax and reduce plating. Benefits for lithium-ion are modest and depend on the cell; it is not standard practice.",
      "related": [
        "fast-charging",
        "lithium-plating",
        "relaxation"
      ],
      "example": {
        "title": "Separate peak from average current",
        "text": "A 4 A charge pulse that is on for 10 s and off for 10 s has a 2 A average over one full period. Its peak current is still 4 A. Matching average current alone does not match instantaneous heating or electrochemical response."
      },
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/pulse-charging/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:117",
      "source": "term:pulse-charging",
      "target": "workflow:pulse-protocol",
      "type": "usedIn",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:1166",
      "source": "term:pulse-charging",
      "target": "topic:topic-charging",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:1167",
      "source": "term:pulse-charging",
      "target": "term:fast-charging",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:1168",
      "source": "term:pulse-charging",
      "target": "term:lithium-plating",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:1169",
      "source": "term:pulse-charging",
      "target": "term:relaxation",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:1170",
      "source": "term:pulse-charging",
      "target": "visual:charging-pulse",
      "type": "illustratedBy",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "visual-pages.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:1171",
      "source": "term:pulse-charging",
      "target": "reference:tomaszewska-charging",
      "type": "cites",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "wiki-references.json",
        "scope": "direct technical reference"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "workflow:pulse-protocol",
      "type": "Workflow",
      "label": "Build pulse and rest",
      "properties": {
        "id": "pulse-protocol",
        "title": "Build pulse and rest",
        "kind": "protocol",
        "summary": "The bench programs direction, current, timing and repetitions.",
        "steps": [
          "Open Sim → Open the protocol bench.",
          "Create charge pulses and inspect voltage and SOC."
        ],
        "example": "10 A for 10 s adds 100 C, about 0.0278 Ah, before efficiency adjustment.",
        "observe": "Rest and pulse timing change excitation.",
        "limits": "Pulse programming does not establish faster, safer or longer-life charging. An existing pack and product access are required.",
        "url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/",
        "label": "Open Design → Protocol bench",
        "evidence": [
          "js/test-protocol.js"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-charging",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Charging and discharging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-charging",
        "name": "Charging and discharging",
        "lede": "How current goes in and comes out, and the limits that stop it.",
        "context": "Separate regulation from availability.",
        "example": "The same CC–CV law can operate overnight or during a short depot stop.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
        "lesson_label": "Open charging quantities"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:fast-charging",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Fast charging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "fast-charging",
        "name": "Fast charging",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "Charging intended to replenish a specified amount of energy or state of charge in a short time. There is no universal C-rate threshold: performance depends on cell chemistry, temperature, starting state and power limits. High current can increase heating and lithium-plating risk, requiring appropriate limits.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-plating",
          "c-rate",
          "cc-cv-charging",
          "dc-fast-charging",
          "thermal-management",
          "mscc"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/fast-charging/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-charge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-plating",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium plating",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-plating",
        "name": "Lithium plating",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Lithium metal depositing on the negative-electrode surface instead of intercalating into it. It is promoted by charging at low temperature or high current.",
        "related": [
          "dendrite",
          "fast-charging",
          "intercalation",
          "np-ratio",
          "dead-lithium",
          "electrodeposition"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#plating",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-plating/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:relaxation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Relaxation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "relaxation",
        "name": "Relaxation",
        "aka": [
          "rest"
        ],
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "The slow recovery of a cell’s voltage towards open-circuit voltage after current stops, as concentration gradients inside the electrodes level out. It takes minutes to hours, which is why OCV measurements need a rest period.",
        "related": [
          "open-circuit-voltage",
          "polarization",
          "diffusion",
          "hppc",
          "voltage-relaxation-analysis"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/relaxation/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "visual:charging-pulse",
      "type": "Visual",
      "label": "Compare charging profiles",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Compare charging profiles",
        "summary": "See which quantity is held constant, when the phase changes and how charging ends.",
        "readout": "Current alternates between 5 A and rest at two-thirds duty. Rest allows relaxation; this does not establish a faster or healthier charging method.",
        "formula": "I_average = duty × I_peak",
        "note": "Positive current charges the cell. Time is normalized; selected thresholds are not cell-specific recommendations. The voltage trace ends at termination; post-stop relaxation is excluded.",
        "software": {
          "status": "studio",
          "label": "Test protocol in Lemonergy",
          "body": "Sim → Open the protocol bench supports charge/discharge pulses and repeats. The shown pulse is explanatory, not an optimized charging algorithm.",
          "href": "https://design.lemonergy.com/"
        },
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current</span></div></figure>\n<figure class=\"visual-figure\"><figcaption>Voltage profile</figcaption><svg class=\"visual-chart\" viewBox=\"0 0 360 330\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"static-charging-pulse-1-title static-charging-pulse-1-desc\"><title id=\"static-charging-pulse-1-title\">Voltage profile</title><desc id=\"static-charging-pulse-1-desc\">Relative elapsed time versus Cell voltage (V). 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247.19,110.72 247.98,110.36 248.77,110.01 249.55,109.65 250.34,109.30 251.13,108.95 251.92,108.59 252.70,108.24 253.49,107.89 254.28,107.53 255.07,107.18 255.85,106.83 256.64,120.62 257.43,120.26 258.21,119.91 259.00,119.55 259.79,119.20 260.58,118.85 261.36,118.49 262.15,118.14 262.94,117.79 263.73,117.43 264.51,117.08 265.30,116.73 266.09,116.37 266.87,116.02 267.66,101.52 268.45,101.17 269.24,100.82 270.02,100.46 270.81,100.11 271.60,99.75 272.38,99.40 273.17,99.05 273.96,98.69 274.75,98.34 275.53,97.99 276.32,97.63 277.11,97.28 277.90,96.93 278.68,96.57 279.47,96.22 280.26,95.87 281.04,95.51 281.83,95.16 282.62,94.80 283.41,94.45 284.19,94.10 284.98,93.74 285.77,93.39 286.56,93.04 287.34,92.68 288.13,92.33 288.92,106.12 289.70,105.77 290.49,105.41 291.28,105.06 292.07,104.70 292.85,104.35 293.64,104.00 294.43,103.64 295.21,103.29 296.00,102.94 296.79,102.58 297.58,102.23 298.36,101.88 299.15,87.38 299.94,87.03 300.73,86.67 301.51,86.32 302.30,85.97 303.09,85.61 303.87,85.26 304.66,84.90 305.45,84.55 306.24,84.20 307.02,83.84 307.81,83.49 308.60,83.14 309.39,82.78 310.17,82.43 310.96,82.08 311.75,81.72 312.53,81.37 313.32,81.02 314.11,80.66 314.90,80.31 315.68,79.95 316.47,79.60 317.26,79.25 318.04,78.89 318.83,78.54 319.62,78.19 320.41,77.83 321.19,91.62 321.98,91.27 322.77,90.92 323.56,90.56 324.34,90.21 325.13,89.85 325.92,89.50\"/><text transform=\"translate(208 303)\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"currentColor\"><tspan x=\"0\" dy=\"0\">Relative elapsed time</tspan></text><text transform=\"translate(20 139) rotate(-90)\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"currentColor\"><tspan x=\"0\" dy=\"0\">Cell voltage (V)</tspan></text></svg><div class=\"visual-legend\"><span><i style=\"background:#6953a8\"></i>Cell voltage</span></div></figure>"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:tomaszewska-charging",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Lithium-ion battery fast charging: A review",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Lithium-ion battery fast charging: A review",
        "publisher": "eTransportation",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2019.100011",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "CC-CV and alternative charging protocols, transport limitations, degradation and thermal implications; results depend on cell and test conditions. Software behavior is documented separately in Lemonergy block references.",
        "year": 2019,
        "authors": [
          "Anna Tomaszewska et al."
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}