{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:primary-cell",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Primary cell",
    "properties": {
      "id": "primary-cell",
      "name": "Primary cell",
      "aka": [
        "non-rechargeable battery"
      ],
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "A cell designed to be discharged once and not recharged, such as an alkaline or lithium–manganese dioxide cell. Its reaction is not reversible in practice, unlike the secondary cells this glossary is mostly about.",
      "related": [
        "secondary-cell",
        "lithium-ion",
        "iec-60086-5",
        "lithium-iron-disulfide"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/primary-cell/",
      "mentions": [
        "lithium-manganese-dioxide",
        "manganese"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:804",
      "source": "term:primary-cell",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:805",
      "source": "term:primary-cell",
      "target": "term:secondary-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:806",
      "source": "term:primary-cell",
      "target": "term:lithium-ion",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:807",
      "source": "term:primary-cell",
      "target": "term:iec-60086-5",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:808",
      "source": "term:primary-cell",
      "target": "term:lithium-iron-disulfide",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/primary-cell/lithium-manganese-dioxide",
      "source": "term:primary-cell",
      "target": "term:lithium-manganese-dioxide",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/primary-cell/manganese",
      "source": "term:primary-cell",
      "target": "term:manganese",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:secondary-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Secondary cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "secondary-cell",
        "name": "Secondary cell",
        "aka": [
          "rechargeable battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell whose reaction runs in both directions, so it can be recharged by driving current back into it. Lithium-ion, lead–acid and nickel–metal hydride are all secondary chemistries.",
        "related": [
          "primary-cell",
          "cycle",
          "lithium-ion"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/secondary-cell/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-ion",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium-ion battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-ion",
        "name": "Lithium-ion battery",
        "abbr": "Li-ion",
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A rechargeable cell in which lithium ions shuttle between two intercalation electrodes, typically graphite and a lithium metal oxide, through a non-aqueous electrolyte. Commercialised in 1991, it dominates portable electronics, electric vehicles and new grid storage.",
        "related": [
          "intercalation",
          "graphite",
          "nmc",
          "lfp",
          "rocking-chair",
          "lithium"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#how-it-works",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-ion/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:iec-60086-5",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "IEC 60086-5",
      "properties": {
        "id": "iec-60086-5",
        "name": "IEC 60086-5",
        "section": "topic-standards-stationary",
        "definition": "Part 5 of the IEC primary-battery series: safety tests and requirements for non-rechargeable batteries with aqueous electrolyte, such as alkaline, zinc–carbon and zinc–air, covering both intended use and reasonably foreseeable misuse. Lithium primary batteries are covered separately, in part 4.",
        "related": [
          "primary-cell",
          "alkaline-cell",
          "zinc-air",
          "iec-62133",
          "iec"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/iec-60086-5/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-iron-disulfide",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium–iron disulfide cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-iron-disulfide",
        "name": "Lithium–iron disulfide cell",
        "abbr": "Li–FeS₂",
        "aka": [
          "lithium iron disulfide",
          "FR6",
          "1.5 V lithium AA"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A primary cell with a lithium negative and an iron disulfide positive that gives 1.5 V, so it replaces alkaline AA and AAA cells directly. It is about a third lighter, holds its voltage under high-drain loads such as camera flashes, works down to −40 °C and keeps for many years on the shelf.",
        "related": [
          "primary-cell",
          "alkaline-cell",
          "lithium-manganese-dioxide",
          "self-discharge"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-iron-disulfide/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-manganese-dioxide",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium–manganese dioxide cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-manganese-dioxide",
        "name": "Lithium–manganese dioxide cell",
        "abbr": "Li–MnO₂",
        "aka": [
          "CR cell",
          "lithium coin cell",
          "CR123A"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "The most common lithium primary chemistry: a lithium-metal negative, a heat-treated manganese dioxide positive and an organic electrolyte, giving 3 V. It fills CR-coded coin cells such as the CR2032 and cylindrical CR123A camera cells, and loses only about 1 % of its capacity a year in storage.",
        "related": [
          "primary-cell",
          "coin-cell",
          "lithium-thionyl-chloride",
          "lithium-carbon-monofluoride",
          "self-discharge"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-manganese-dioxide/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:manganese",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Manganese",
      "properties": {
        "id": "manganese",
        "name": "Manganese",
        "aka": [
          "manganese sulfate",
          "high-purity manganese sulfate",
          "HPMSM"
        ],
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "A cheap, abundant metal used in NMC, LMO and LMFP positive electrodes and in alkaline cells. Ore comes mostly from South Africa, Gabon and Australia, but about 95 % of battery-grade high-purity manganese sulfate was refined in China in 2024, which puts manganese on critical-raw-material lists despite plentiful reserves.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lmo",
          "lmfp",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "cobalt",
          "nickel-sulfate"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/manganese/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}