{
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    "id": "term:porous-electrode-theory",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Porous-electrode theory",
    "properties": {
      "id": "porous-electrode-theory",
      "name": "Porous-electrode theory",
      "section": "topic-transport",
      "definition": "The framework, due to Newman and co-workers, that treats a porous electrode as two overlapping continua — solid and electrolyte — exchanging current everywhere through their shared surface. It underlies every physics-based lithium-ion model.",
      "related": [
        "newman-model",
        "porous-electrode",
        "bruggeman-relation",
        "butler-volmer"
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        "electrode",
        "electrolyte"
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      "id": "topic:topic-transport",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Transport and modelling",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-transport",
        "name": "Transport and modelling",
        "lede": "How ions move, and the equations and models that describe a cell.",
        "context": "Specify phase, direction and boundaries.",
        "example": "The same concentration difference across 10 μm gives ten times the gradient across 100 μm; at equal D, first-law flux magnitude is ten times greater.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/transport/ficks-first-law/",
        "lesson_label": "Open diffusion"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:newman-model",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Newman model",
      "properties": {
        "id": "newman-model",
        "name": "Newman model",
        "abbr": "P2D",
        "aka": [
          "pseudo-two-dimensional model",
          "Doyle–Fuller–Newman",
          "DFN"
        ],
        "section": "topic-transport",
        "definition": "The standard physics-based lithium-ion cell model: porous-electrode theory across the cell thickness, with solid diffusion solved in a representative spherical particle at every point — hence pseudo-two-dimensional. It predicts voltage from first principles but needs dozens of parameters.",
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          "porous-electrode-theory",
          "single-particle-model",
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          "diffusion"
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    {
      "id": "term:porous-electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Porous electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "porous-electrode",
        "name": "Porous electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "An electrode made of active-material particles, conductive additive and binder with electrolyte-filled pores between them. Its large internal surface is where the reaction happens.",
        "related": [
          "porosity",
          "tortuosity",
          "active-material",
          "porous-electrode-theory",
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#porosity",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/porous-electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "binder",
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      "id": "term:bruggeman-relation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Bruggeman relation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "bruggeman-relation",
        "name": "Bruggeman relation",
        "section": "topic-transport",
        "definition": "The common estimate of effective transport in a porous layer: multiply the bulk conductivity or diffusivity by porosity to the power 1.5. Real electrodes often deviate, so measured tortuosity is preferred when available.",
        "formula": "D_eff = D · ε^1.5",
        "related": [
          "tortuosity",
          "porosity",
          "porous-electrode-theory"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Estimate an effective diffusivity",
          "text": "Using the illustrative relation D_eff = D ε^1.5 with porosity ε = 0.4 gives D_eff ≈ 0.253D. This empirical geometry approximation does not replace a measured tortuosity."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/bruggeman-relation/",
        "mentions": [
          "diffusion-coefficient"
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:butler-volmer",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Butler–Volmer equation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "butler-volmer",
        "name": "Butler–Volmer equation",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "The kinetic law relating current density at an electrode to its overpotential: current grows exponentially with overpotential in each direction. It is the charge-transfer term in every physics-based cell model.",
        "formula": "i = i₀[exp(α_a·Fη/RT) − exp(−α_c·Fη/RT)]",
        "related": [
          "overpotential",
          "exchange-current-density",
          "charge-transfer",
          "newman-model"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Compare equilibrium with a positive overpotential",
          "text": "For a symmetric one-electron example at 298.15 K, αa = αc = 0.5 and η = 25.7 mV give i/i₀ ≈ 1.04. At η = 0 the forward and reverse contributions cancel, so net current is zero."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/butler-volmer/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
          "current-collector"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte",
        "name": "Electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "carbonate-solvent",
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "ionic-conductivity",
          "solid-electrolyte",
          "ionic-liquid-electrolyte"
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#electrolyte",
        "example": {
          "title": "Ions and electrons",
          "text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "visual:porous",
      "type": "Visual",
      "label": "Porosity reduces effective transport",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Porosity reduces effective transport",
        "summary": "A Bruggeman relation approximates transport through a porous medium.",
        "readout": "At 40% porosity, D_eff is 25.298% of bulk diffusivity.",
        "formula": "D_eff = D εᵇ",
        "note": "An empirical pore-structure assumption; actual tortuosity must be characterized.",
        "software": {
          "status": "reference",
          "label": "Reference concept",
          "body": "The flux helper accepts a supplied diffusivity. It does not estimate porosity or tortuosity. The shown D_eff = D εᵇ relationship is an explicit teaching assumption.",
          "href": "../transport/ficks-first-law/"
        },
        "html": "<figure class=\"visual-figure\"><figcaption>Effective diffusivity fraction</figcaption><svg class=\"visual-chart\" viewBox=\"0 0 360 330\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"static-porous-0-title static-porous-0-desc\"><title id=\"static-porous-0-title\">Effective diffusivity fraction</title><desc id=\"static-porous-0-desc\">Porosity ε (fraction) versus D_eff / D (fraction). εᵇ; Straight-pore scaling ε. 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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:doyle-model",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Modeling of Galvanostatic Charge and Discharge of the Lithium/Polymer/Insertion Cell",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Modeling of Galvanostatic Charge and Discharge of the Lithium/Polymer/Insertion Cell",
        "publisher": "Journal of The Electrochemical Society",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2221597",
        "type": "Research article",
        "scope": "Porous-electrode transport and insertion-cell modeling; foundational work rather than a specification for a particular commercial cell.",
        "year": 1993,
        "authors": [
          "Marc Doyle",
          "Thomas F. Fuller",
          "John Newman"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}
