{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:plant-model",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Plant model",
    "properties": {
      "id": "plant-model",
      "name": "Plant model",
      "aka": [
        "system model"
      ],
      "section": "topic-data",
      "definition": "A model of the system being controlled — cells, pack, cooling loop, charger — as distinct from the controller itself. Engineers tune and verify BMS software against it in model-, software- and hardware-in-the-loop tests, so its fidelity, often an equivalent circuit model coupled to a thermal model, limits how much those tests prove.",
      "related": [
        "hil",
        "equivalent-circuit-model",
        "thermal-model",
        "digital-twin",
        "battery-emulator"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/plant-model/",
      "mentions": [
        "charger",
        "bms",
        "firmware"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:5327",
      "source": "term:plant-model",
      "target": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5328",
      "source": "term:plant-model",
      "target": "term:hil",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5329",
      "source": "term:plant-model",
      "target": "term:equivalent-circuit-model",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5330",
      "source": "term:plant-model",
      "target": "term:thermal-model",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5331",
      "source": "term:plant-model",
      "target": "term:digital-twin",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5332",
      "source": "term:plant-model",
      "target": "term:battery-emulator",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/plant-model/charger",
      "source": "term:plant-model",
      "target": "term:charger",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/plant-model/bms",
      "source": "term:plant-model",
      "target": "term:bms",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/plant-model/firmware",
      "source": "term:plant-model",
      "target": "term:firmware",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Data, communication and electronics",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-data",
        "name": "Data, communication and electronics",
        "lede": "The control units, chips, protocols and file formats through which a battery is measured, controlled and logged.",
        "context": "Separate quantities from encoding and transport.",
        "example": "2500 in a log might mean 25.00 °C, 2.5 V or raw counts. Units and scale must accompany the value.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/",
        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:hil",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Hardware-in-the-loop",
      "properties": {
        "id": "hil",
        "name": "Hardware-in-the-loop",
        "abbr": "HIL",
        "aka": [
          "SIL",
          "MIL",
          "software-in-the-loop",
          "model-in-the-loop"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "Testing a real BMS controller against a real-time simulation of the battery, vehicle and charger, so faults that would be dangerous on real cells can be injected safely. It follows model-in-the-loop and software-in-the-loop, where the same logic is tested as a model or as code on a PC.",
        "related": [
          "battery-emulator",
          "fpga",
          "bmu",
          "functional-safety",
          "equivalent-circuit-model",
          "fault-injection-testing"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/hil/",
        "mentions": [
          "charger",
          "bms"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:equivalent-circuit-model",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Equivalent circuit model",
      "properties": {
        "id": "equivalent-circuit-model",
        "name": "Equivalent circuit model",
        "abbr": "ECM",
        "aka": [
          "Thevenin model"
        ],
        "section": "topic-transport",
        "definition": "A cell model built from a voltage source for OCV, a series resistor and one or more RC pairs for the slower dynamics. Its few parameters are fitted from pulse tests, and it is what most battery management systems run in real time.",
        "related": [
          "rc-pair",
          "open-circuit-voltage",
          "hppc",
          "kalman-filter",
          "single-particle-model"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/equivalent-circuit-model/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:thermal-model",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Thermal model",
      "properties": {
        "id": "thermal-model",
        "name": "Thermal model",
        "aka": [
          "lumped thermal model"
        ],
        "section": "topic-thermal",
        "definition": "A model of cell temperature: at its simplest one thermal mass with heat generation inside and convection outside, at its most detailed a 3D simulation of the pack. Temperature feeds back into every rate, so electrical and thermal models are usually solved together.",
        "related": [
          "heat-generation",
          "thermal-management",
          "arrhenius",
          "newman-model",
          "thermal-characterisation"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/thermal-model/",
        "mentions": [
          "thermal-mass",
          "heat-transfer-modes"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:digital-twin",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Digital twin",
      "properties": {
        "id": "digital-twin",
        "name": "Digital twin",
        "section": "topic-transport",
        "definition": "A model of a specific battery, kept in step with its real counterpart by live data, used to estimate state, predict life and plan operation. The term is used loosely; a model only earns it when it is continuously updated from the asset.",
        "related": [
          "aging-model",
          "state-of-health",
          "bms",
          "remaining-useful-life"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/digital-twin/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:battery-emulator",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery and cell emulator",
      "properties": {
        "id": "battery-emulator",
        "name": "Battery and cell emulator",
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "A programmable power source that behaves like a battery or like each cell of a string, so a BMS or charger can be tested at any voltage, state of charge or fault without real cells. Cell emulators drive every AFE input separately.",
        "related": [
          "hil",
          "afe",
          "fpga",
          "cycler"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/battery-emulator/",
        "mentions": [
          "charger",
          "state-of-charge",
          "bms"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:charger",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Charger",
      "properties": {
        "id": "charger",
        "name": "Charger",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "The power electronics that convert mains or DC supply into the controlled current and voltage a battery needs. For lithium-ion it runs the CC-CV profile within the limits the BMS communicates, and stops rather than floats when the cell is full.",
        "related": [
          "cc-cv-charging",
          "bms",
          "onboard-charger",
          "dc-fast-charging"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/charger/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:bms",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery management system",
      "properties": {
        "id": "bms",
        "name": "Battery management system",
        "abbr": "BMS",
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The electronics and software that keep a battery inside its safe window: measuring every cell voltage and many temperatures, estimating SOC and SOH, balancing cells, computing current limits, controlling the contactors and reporting over the vehicle network.",
        "related": [
          "state-of-charge",
          "cell-balancing",
          "state-of-power",
          "cell-supervision-circuit",
          "contactor",
          "can-bus"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/bms/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-health",
          "cell-voltage"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:firmware",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Firmware",
      "properties": {
        "id": "firmware",
        "name": "Firmware",
        "aka": [
          "embedded software",
          "BMS software"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "The software that runs on a BMS or charger controller. Its version decides how SOC, limits and faults behave, so it is tracked like a part number, updated by flashing over CAN or over the air, and recorded in the battery passport.",
        "related": [
          "mcu",
          "flashing",
          "bmu",
          "battery-passport",
          "functional-safety"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/firmware/",
        "mentions": [
          "charger",
          "state-of-charge",
          "bms",
          "over-the-air-update"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}