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      "name": "Particle cracking",
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        "loss-of-active-material",
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        "definition": "Degradation caused by charging and discharging: mechanical strain in the particles, fresh SEI on cracked surfaces and, at high rate or low temperature, lithium plating. It scales with charge throughput and grows with depth of discharge and C-rate.",
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      "id": "term:loss-of-active-material",
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        "definition": "The degradation mode in which electrode material becomes unable to store lithium: particles crack and lose electronic contact, structures collapse, or transition metals dissolve. It is tracked separately for each electrode.",
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      "id": "term:silicon-anode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Silicon anode",
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        "definition": "A negative electrode that uses silicon, which alloys with lithium and stores roughly ten times more charge per gram than graphite but swells by up to 300 %. Today it is blended into graphite at a few percent to limit the swelling.",
        "related": [
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      "id": "term:single-crystal",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Single-crystal cathode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "single-crystal",
        "name": "Single-crystal cathode",
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "Positive-electrode powder made of individual micron-sized crystals rather than agglomerates of many small grains. With no internal grain boundaries to crack open, it resists particle cracking and gassing and lasts longer at high voltage.",
        "related": [
          "particle-cracking",
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          "cathode-active-material"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/single-crystal/",
        "mentions": [
          "gas-generation",
          "coating-defects"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:depth-of-discharge",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Depth of discharge",
      "properties": {
        "id": "depth-of-discharge",
        "name": "Depth of discharge",
        "abbr": "DOD",
        "section": "topic-state",
        "definition": "How much of a cell’s capacity is used in a cycle. Deep cycles cause more mechanical stress in the active materials than shallow ones.",
        "unit": "%",
        "related": [
          "state-of-charge",
          "cycle-life",
          "particle-cracking",
          "usable-capacity"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#cracking",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/depth-of-discharge/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte",
        "name": "Electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "carbonate-solvent",
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "ionic-conductivity",
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          "ionic-liquid-electrolyte"
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          "title": "Ions and electrons",
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:sei",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Solid–electrolyte interphase",
      "properties": {
        "id": "sei",
        "name": "Solid–electrolyte interphase",
        "abbr": "SEI",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "A film of electrolyte reaction products on the negative-electrode particles — graphite, and also silicon or lithium metal. It protects the electrode from further reaction but grows slowly for the whole life of the cell, consuming cyclable lithium.",
        "related": [
          "passivation",
          "formation",
          "calendar-aging",
          "loss-of-lithium-inventory",
          "cei"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#sei",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/sei/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "graphite",
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lesson:fundamentals/battery-aging/",
      "type": "Lesson",
      "label": "Lesson 4 · Battery aging",
      "properties": {
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-aging/"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:edge-degradation",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Lithium ion battery degradation: what you need to know",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Lithium ion battery degradation: what you need to know",
        "publisher": "Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CP00359C",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Degradation mechanisms, modes, operational effects and their interactions.",
        "year": 2021,
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}