{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:pantograph-charging",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Pantograph charging",
    "properties": {
      "id": "pantograph-charging",
      "name": "Pantograph charging",
      "aka": [
        "OppCharge",
        "SAE J3105"
      ],
      "section": "topic-infrastructure",
      "definition": "Fast charging of a bus through an automatic contact on the roof — raised from the vehicle or lowered from a mast — at the terminus or en route, at 150–600 kW for a few minutes. It allows a smaller battery at the price of high-rate cycling and more infrastructure.",
      "related": [
        "electric-bus",
        "depot-charging",
        "fast-charging",
        "vdv-261",
        "charge-acceptance",
        "opportunity-charging"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/pantograph-charging/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:3889",
      "source": "term:pantograph-charging",
      "target": "topic:topic-infrastructure",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3890",
      "source": "term:pantograph-charging",
      "target": "term:electric-bus",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3891",
      "source": "term:pantograph-charging",
      "target": "term:depot-charging",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3892",
      "source": "term:pantograph-charging",
      "target": "term:fast-charging",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3893",
      "source": "term:pantograph-charging",
      "target": "term:vdv-261",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3894",
      "source": "term:pantograph-charging",
      "target": "term:charge-acceptance",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:3895",
      "source": "term:pantograph-charging",
      "target": "term:opportunity-charging",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-infrastructure",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Charging infrastructure",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-infrastructure",
        "name": "Charging infrastructure",
        "lede": "Where and how vehicles are charged: charging strategies, power levels, connectors and the protocols between vehicle and charger.",
        "context": "Separate compatibility from requested average power.",
        "example": "A 100 kW model request does not establish real voltage, current, connector or negotiation compatibility.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
        "lesson_label": "Open charging quantities"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electric-bus",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electric bus",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electric-bus",
        "name": "Electric bus",
        "abbr": "e-bus",
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "A battery-electric city or coach bus, with packs of 300–700 kWh on the roof and at the rear, LFP or NMC, charged overnight in the depot or at the terminus by pantograph. Its duty cycle — long hours, deep daily cycles, a twelve-year life — makes battery aging the central engineering question.",
        "related": [
          "depot-charging",
          "pantograph-charging",
          "vdv",
          "sort-cycle",
          "total-cost-of-ownership",
          "opportunity-charging"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electric-bus/",
        "mentions": [
          "kilowatt-hour"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:depot-charging",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Depot charging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "depot-charging",
        "name": "Depot charging",
        "aka": [
          "overnight charging"
        ],
        "section": "topic-infrastructure",
        "definition": "Charging a fleet of buses or trucks at the depot, usually overnight at 50–150 kW per vehicle, which keeps cell stress low and lets an energy-management system sequence the chargers against the site’s grid connection.",
        "related": [
          "electric-bus",
          "pantograph-charging",
          "energy-management-system",
          "vdv-261",
          "fast-charging",
          "smart-charging"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/depot-charging/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:fast-charging",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Fast charging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "fast-charging",
        "name": "Fast charging",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "Charging intended to replenish a specified amount of energy or state of charge in a short time. There is no universal C-rate threshold: performance depends on cell chemistry, temperature, starting state and power limits. High current can increase heating and lithium-plating risk, requiring appropriate limits.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-plating",
          "c-rate",
          "cc-cv-charging",
          "dc-fast-charging",
          "thermal-management",
          "mscc"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/fast-charging/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-charge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:vdv-261",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "VDV 261",
      "properties": {
        "id": "vdv-261",
        "name": "VDV 261",
        "aka": [
          "VDV-Schrift 261",
          "e-bus charging"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-vehicle",
        "definition": "The VDV recommendation on charging infrastructure for electric buses: depot charging, opportunity charging with pantographs, interfaces and the energy-management interaction with the vehicle. It builds on the OppCharge and SAE J3105 pantograph specifications.",
        "related": [
          "vdv",
          "pantograph-charging",
          "depot-charging",
          "electric-bus",
          "iso-15118"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/vdv-261/",
        "mentions": [
          "opportunity-charging"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:charge-acceptance",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Charge acceptance",
      "properties": {
        "id": "charge-acceptance",
        "name": "Charge acceptance",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "How much of the current offered to a battery it can actually absorb at a given state of charge and temperature. It falls as the battery fills and as it cools, which is why regenerative braking and fast charging are limited by the battery rather than the source.",
        "related": [
          "fast-charging",
          "regenerative-braking",
          "state-of-power",
          "derating"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/charge-acceptance/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-charge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:opportunity-charging",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Opportunity charging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "opportunity-charging",
        "name": "Opportunity charging",
        "aka": [
          "en-route charging",
          "terminus charging"
        ],
        "section": "topic-infrastructure",
        "definition": "Topping up a vehicle in short, high-power bursts wherever it stops anyway — a bus at its terminus or at stops, a forklift at breaks — instead of carrying enough energy for the whole day. It allows a smaller, lighter battery, at the price of frequent high-rate cycling and of chargers along the route.",
        "related": [
          "pantograph-charging",
          "depot-charging",
          "fast-charging",
          "electric-bus",
          "charge-acceptance",
          "inductive-charging"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/opportunity-charging/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}