{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:over-the-air-update",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Over-the-air update",
    "properties": {
      "id": "over-the-air-update",
      "name": "Over-the-air update",
      "abbr": "OTA",
      "aka": [
        "OTA update",
        "FOTA",
        "SOTA",
        "over the air"
      ],
      "section": "topic-data",
      "definition": "Updating a controller’s firmware or calibration remotely over a cellular or Wi-Fi link instead of at a workshop. For a BMS it lets fixes to SOC estimation or charging limits reach a whole fleet, but needs signed images, a fallback copy and a safe vehicle state; UN R156 governs how manufacturers manage such updates.",
      "related": [
        "firmware",
        "flashing",
        "bms-cybersecurity",
        "fleet-telematics",
        "cloud-bms"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/over-the-air-update/",
      "mentions": [
        "state-of-charge",
        "bms"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:5194",
      "source": "term:over-the-air-update",
      "target": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5195",
      "source": "term:over-the-air-update",
      "target": "term:firmware",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5196",
      "source": "term:over-the-air-update",
      "target": "term:flashing",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5197",
      "source": "term:over-the-air-update",
      "target": "term:bms-cybersecurity",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5198",
      "source": "term:over-the-air-update",
      "target": "term:fleet-telematics",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5199",
      "source": "term:over-the-air-update",
      "target": "term:cloud-bms",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/over-the-air-update/state-of-charge",
      "source": "term:over-the-air-update",
      "target": "term:state-of-charge",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/over-the-air-update/bms",
      "source": "term:over-the-air-update",
      "target": "term:bms",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Data, communication and electronics",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-data",
        "name": "Data, communication and electronics",
        "lede": "The control units, chips, protocols and file formats through which a battery is measured, controlled and logged.",
        "context": "Separate quantities from encoding and transport.",
        "example": "2500 in a log might mean 25.00 °C, 2.5 V or raw counts. Units and scale must accompany the value.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/",
        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:firmware",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Firmware",
      "properties": {
        "id": "firmware",
        "name": "Firmware",
        "aka": [
          "embedded software",
          "BMS software"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "The software that runs on a BMS or charger controller. Its version decides how SOC, limits and faults behave, so it is tracked like a part number, updated by flashing over CAN or over the air, and recorded in the battery passport.",
        "related": [
          "mcu",
          "flashing",
          "bmu",
          "battery-passport",
          "functional-safety"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/firmware/",
        "mentions": [
          "charger",
          "state-of-charge",
          "bms",
          "over-the-air-update"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:flashing",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Flashing",
      "properties": {
        "id": "flashing",
        "name": "Flashing",
        "aka": [
          "reprogramming",
          "ECU flashing",
          "bootloader"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "Writing new firmware into a controller’s flash memory, normally through a bootloader that receives the image over CAN with UDS services. Image files come as Intel HEX, Motorola S-record or binary, often signed so the controller refuses unauthorised code.",
        "related": [
          "firmware",
          "uds",
          "hex-file",
          "can-bus"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/flashing/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:bms-cybersecurity",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "BMS cybersecurity",
      "properties": {
        "id": "bms-cybersecurity",
        "name": "BMS cybersecurity",
        "aka": [
          "battery cybersecurity",
          "UN R155",
          "ISO/SAE 21434"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "Protecting a battery’s controllers and data from manipulation through authenticated messages, signed firmware, secure boot and locked diagnostic access; a spoofed limit could overcharge cells. UN R155 has required a certified cybersecurity management system for new EU vehicle types since July 2022, with ISO/SAE 21434 as the engineering standard.",
        "related": [
          "over-the-air-update",
          "firmware",
          "can-bus",
          "uds",
          "functional-safety"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/bms-cybersecurity/",
        "mentions": [
          "overcharge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:fleet-telematics",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Fleet telematics",
      "properties": {
        "id": "fleet-telematics",
        "name": "Fleet telematics",
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "The systems that collect battery state, consumption and fault data from each vehicle in a fleet and bring them to the depot and the operator. For an electric bus fleet they are what turns BMS data into charging plans and warranty cases.",
        "related": [
          "fms-interface",
          "vdv-301",
          "depot-charging",
          "state-of-health",
          "electric-bus",
          "data-logger"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/fleet-telematics/",
        "mentions": [
          "bms"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cloud-bms",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cloud BMS",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cloud-bms",
        "name": "Cloud BMS",
        "aka": [
          "off-board battery analytics",
          "battery analytics",
          "cloud battery management"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "Battery estimation and diagnostics run on servers from data sent by the vehicle or site, alongside the on-board BMS rather than replacing it. With more computing power and a whole fleet to compare against, it can fit aging models, flag cells drifting from their peers and forecast remaining life; safety functions stay on board.",
        "related": [
          "bms",
          "fleet-telematics",
          "digital-twin",
          "state-of-health",
          "remaining-useful-life",
          "usage-histogram"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cloud-bms/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:state-of-charge",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "State of charge",
      "properties": {
        "id": "state-of-charge",
        "name": "State of charge",
        "abbr": "SOC",
        "section": "topic-state",
        "definition": "How full a cell is, as a fraction of its available capacity. State of charge, like temperature, affects how fast a stored cell ages.",
        "unit": "%",
        "related": [
          "depth-of-discharge",
          "ocv-soc-curve",
          "coulomb-counting",
          "state-of-health",
          "bms"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#storage-soc",
        "example": {
          "title": "Interpret a charge inventory",
          "text": "If available capacity is 5 Ah and 3 Ah remains by the chosen estimator, SOC is 60%. A different estimate of available capacity changes this percentage, so compare SOC values only with the capacity convention recorded."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/state-of-charge/",
        "mentions": [
          "usable-capacity"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:bms",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery management system",
      "properties": {
        "id": "bms",
        "name": "Battery management system",
        "abbr": "BMS",
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The electronics and software that keep a battery inside its safe window: measuring every cell voltage and many temperatures, estimating SOC and SOH, balancing cells, computing current limits, controlling the contactors and reporting over the vehicle network.",
        "related": [
          "state-of-charge",
          "cell-balancing",
          "state-of-power",
          "cell-supervision-circuit",
          "contactor",
          "can-bus"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/bms/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-health",
          "cell-voltage"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}