{
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      "id": "nuclear-magnetic-resonance",
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        "solid-state NMR",
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        "MAS NMR"
      ],
      "section": "topic-analysis",
      "definition": "Probing nuclei such as ⁷Li, ¹⁹F and ¹H in a strong magnetic field, where their resonance frequencies reveal their chemical surroundings. Solid-state ⁷Li NMR separates metallic lithium, shifted by about 250 ppm, from lithium in graphite or the SEI, so it can quantify plating even operando; solution NMR identifies electrolyte decomposition products.",
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      "label": "Materials analysis and post-mortem",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-analysis",
        "name": "Materials analysis and post-mortem",
        "lede": "The laboratory techniques that look inside electrodes, interphases and electrolytes to see what a cell is made of and how it aged.",
        "context": "Connect results with scale and specimen preparation.",
        "example": "Surface and bulk measurements may find different compositions in the same electrode without contradiction.",
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      "id": "term:lithium-plating",
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        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Plated lithium metal that has lost electrical contact with the electrode, usually because SEI formed around it. It can no longer take part in cycling, so every gram of it is permanent capacity loss.",
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      "label": "Electrolyte decomposition",
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        "id": "electrolyte-decomposition",
        "name": "Electrolyte decomposition",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Reduction of the electrolyte at the negative electrode and oxidation at the positive, outside its stability window. A little is useful — it builds the SEI — but continued decomposition consumes lithium, dries the cell and makes gas.",
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        "definition": "Measuring a cell inside its working environment rather than after taking it apart (ex situ): in situ means within the cell or its surroundings, operando means while it is actually charging or discharging. Operando methods catch transient states, such as phases or plated lithium that vanish during rest or disassembly.",
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          "post-mortem",
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          "instrumented-cell"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/operando-measurement/",
        "mentions": [
          "dismantling"
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    {
      "id": "term:sei",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Solid–electrolyte interphase",
      "properties": {
        "id": "sei",
        "name": "Solid–electrolyte interphase",
        "abbr": "SEI",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "A film of electrolyte reaction products on the negative-electrode particles — graphite, and also silicon or lithium metal. It protects the electrode from further reaction but grows slowly for the whole life of the cell, consuming cyclable lithium.",
        "related": [
          "passivation",
          "formation",
          "calendar-aging",
          "loss-of-lithium-inventory",
          "cei"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#sei",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/sei/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
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    {
      "id": "term:graphite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Graphite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "graphite",
        "name": "Graphite",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "Layered carbon, the negative active material of nearly all lithium-ion cells. Lithium intercalates between its layers up to LiC₆, a theoretical 372 mAh/g, at a potential about 0.1 V above lithium metal.",
        "related": [
          "anode-active-material",
          "intercalation",
          "natural-graphite",
          "synthetic-graphite",
          "lithium-plating"
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          "title": "Compare matching mass bases",
          "text": "A graphite value per gram of active material cannot be directly compared with a value including binder, additive and foil."
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/graphite/",
        "mentions": [
          "milliampere-hour",
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      "id": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte",
        "name": "Electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "carbonate-solvent",
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "ionic-conductivity",
          "solid-electrolyte",
          "ionic-liquid-electrolyte"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#electrolyte",
        "example": {
          "title": "Ions and electrons",
          "text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:xiang-characterization",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Advanced characterization techniques for solid state lithium battery research",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Advanced characterization techniques for solid state lithium battery research",
        "publisher": "Materials Today",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2020.01.018",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "X-ray, solid-state NMR and neutron methods in solid-state battery research.",
        "year": 2020,
        "authors": [
          "Yuxuan Xiang",
          "Xia Li",
          "Yongqiang Cheng",
          "Xueliang Sun",
          "Yong Yang"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}