{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Nickel oxyhydroxide primary cell",
    "properties": {
      "id": "nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary",
      "name": "Nickel oxyhydroxide primary cell",
      "aka": [
        "Z system",
        "ZR6",
        "Oxyride",
        "NiOOH primary cell"
      ],
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "A single-use alkaline cell whose positive electrode adds nickel oxyhydroxide to the manganese dioxide, giving about 1.7 V when fresh and more output than a plain alkaline cell under heavy pulses. IEC 60086 gives it the system letter Z, as in ZR6 for an AA; its high starting voltage can upset devices designed for 1.5 V.",
      "related": [
        "alkaline-cell",
        "primary-cell",
        "iec-battery-designation",
        "iec-60086"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrode",
        "positive-electrode",
        "manganese"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary/topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "source": "term:nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary/term:alkaline-cell",
      "source": "term:nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary",
      "target": "term:alkaline-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary/term:primary-cell",
      "source": "term:nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary",
      "target": "term:primary-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary/term:iec-battery-designation",
      "source": "term:nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary",
      "target": "term:iec-battery-designation",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary/term:iec-60086",
      "source": "term:nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary",
      "target": "term:iec-60086",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary/electrode",
      "source": "term:nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary",
      "target": "term:electrode",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary/positive-electrode",
      "source": "term:nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary",
      "target": "term:positive-electrode",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary/manganese",
      "source": "term:nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary",
      "target": "term:manganese",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:alkaline-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Alkaline cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "alkaline-cell",
        "name": "Alkaline cell",
        "aka": [
          "zinc–manganese dioxide"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "The common 1.5 V single-use cell, with a zinc negative electrode and manganese dioxide positive in potassium hydroxide electrolyte. It is the reference point for most people’s idea of a battery, and is not rechargeable.",
        "related": [
          "primary-cell",
          "zinc-air",
          "nominal-voltage",
          "zinc-carbon",
          "nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary",
          "mercury-oxide-cell"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/alkaline-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "electrolyte",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:primary-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Primary cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "primary-cell",
        "name": "Primary cell",
        "aka": [
          "non-rechargeable battery",
          "primary battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell designed to be discharged once and not recharged, such as an alkaline or lithium–manganese dioxide cell. Its reaction is not reversible in practice, unlike the secondary cells this glossary is mostly about.",
        "related": [
          "secondary-cell",
          "lithium-ion",
          "iec-60086-5",
          "lithium-iron-disulfide",
          "iec-60086"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/primary-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "lithium-manganese-dioxide",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:iec-battery-designation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "IEC battery designation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "iec-battery-designation",
        "name": "IEC battery designation",
        "aka": [
          "IEC 60086 code",
          "battery size code",
          "LR6",
          "AA",
          "AAA",
          "6LR61"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "The code IEC 60086 gives a primary battery: a letter for the chemistry, a letter for the shape, then a size code. No letter means zinc–carbon, L alkaline, C lithium–manganese dioxide, F lithium–iron disulfide, S silver oxide and P zinc–air; R means round. So LR6 is an alkaline AA, R03 a zinc–carbon AAA and 6LR61 six alkaline cells forming a 9 V block.",
        "related": [
          "alkaline-cell",
          "zinc-carbon",
          "lithium-manganese-dioxide",
          "coin-cell",
          "iec-60086",
          "li-ion-cell-designation"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/iec-battery-designation/",
        "mentions": [
          "primary-cell",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:iec-60086",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "IEC 60086",
      "properties": {
        "id": "iec-60086",
        "name": "IEC 60086",
        "aka": [
          "IEC 60086-1",
          "IEC 60086-2",
          "IEC 60086-4",
          "EN 60086"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-stationary",
        "definition": "The IEC series for primary batteries. Part 1 sets the electrochemical system letters, designations and test conditions; part 2, split in 2026 into parts 2-1 and 2-2, the dimensions and performance of each standard size; part 3 watch batteries; part 4 the safety of lithium primaries; part 5 the safety of aqueous ones. Medical and equipment standards cite part 4.",
        "related": [
          "iec-60086-5",
          "iec-battery-designation",
          "primary-cell",
          "iec-60601-1",
          "ansi-c18",
          "lithium-manganese-dioxide"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/iec-60086/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
          "current-collector"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:positive-electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Positive electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "positive-electrode",
        "name": "Positive electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The electrode at the higher potential: a lithium metal oxide or phosphate coated on aluminium foil. It is the lithium source when a cell is built, and industry calls it the cathode.",
        "related": [
          "cathode",
          "cathode-active-material",
          "negative-electrode",
          "aluminium-foil"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
        "example": {
          "title": "Polarity and reaction",
          "text": "The positive electrode retains its polarity label while its electrochemical reaction reverses between charge and discharge."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/positive-electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:manganese",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Manganese",
      "properties": {
        "id": "manganese",
        "name": "Manganese",
        "aka": [
          "manganese sulfate",
          "high-purity manganese sulfate",
          "HPMSM"
        ],
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "A cheap, abundant metal used in NMC, LMO and LMFP positive electrodes and in alkaline cells. Ore comes mostly from South Africa, Gabon and Australia, but about 95 % of battery-grade high-purity manganese sulfate was refined in China in 2024, which puts manganese on critical-raw-material lists despite plentiful reserves.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lmo",
          "lmfp",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "cobalt",
          "nickel-sulfate"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/manganese/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}