{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:nfpa-70-480",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "NFPA 70 Article 480",
    "properties": {
      "id": "nfpa-70-480",
      "name": "NFPA 70 Article 480",
      "aka": [
        "NEC Article 480",
        "Stationary Standby Batteries"
      ],
      "section": "topic-standards-stationary",
      "definition": "The article of the US National Electrical Code for stationary battery installations, titled Stationary Standby Batteries in the 2023 edition: batteries that sit on float, ready to discharge, as in UPS and telecom rooms. It covers disconnects, overcurrent protection, racks, ventilation and working space; storage systems that cycle in normal operation fall under Article 706 instead.",
      "related": [
        "nfpa-70-706",
        "uninterruptible-power-supply",
        "vrla",
        "trickle-charge"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nfpa-70-480/",
      "mentions": [
        "overcurrent-protection"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:nfpa-70-480/topic:topic-standards-stationary",
      "source": "term:nfpa-70-480",
      "target": "topic:topic-standards-stationary",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:nfpa-70-480/term:nfpa-70-706",
      "source": "term:nfpa-70-480",
      "target": "term:nfpa-70-706",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:nfpa-70-480/term:uninterruptible-power-supply",
      "source": "term:nfpa-70-480",
      "target": "term:uninterruptible-power-supply",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:nfpa-70-480/term:vrla",
      "source": "term:nfpa-70-480",
      "target": "term:vrla",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:nfpa-70-480/term:trickle-charge",
      "source": "term:nfpa-70-480",
      "target": "term:trickle-charge",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/nfpa-70-480/overcurrent-protection",
      "source": "term:nfpa-70-480",
      "target": "term:overcurrent-protection",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-standards-stationary",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Stationary, industrial and product standards",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-standards-stationary",
        "name": "Stationary, industrial and product standards",
        "lede": "Safety and performance standards for portable, industrial and grid batteries, their electronics and their installation.",
        "context": "Match scope to product and installation.",
        "example": "A cell-level test does not establish fire performance or commissioning requirements for a complete installation.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/",
        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nfpa-70-706",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "NFPA 70 Article 706",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nfpa-70-706",
        "name": "NFPA 70 Article 706",
        "aka": [
          "NEC Article 706",
          "National Electrical Code",
          "NFPA 13",
          "NFPA 72"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-stationary",
        "definition": "The article of the US National Electrical Code for permanently installed energy storage systems above 50 V AC or 60 V DC, introduced in 2017: disconnecting means, ground-fault detection, battery location, ventilation and working space. Alongside it, NFPA 855 calls for detection to NFPA 72 and sprinklers to NFPA 13 at 0.3 gpm/ft², unless large-scale UL 9540A tests justify another density.",
        "related": [
          "nfpa-855",
          "ul-9540",
          "ul-9540a",
          "fire-suppression",
          "stationary-storage",
          "nfpa-70-480"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nfpa-70-706/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:uninterruptible-power-supply",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Uninterruptible power supply",
      "properties": {
        "id": "uninterruptible-power-supply",
        "name": "Uninterruptible power supply",
        "abbr": "UPS",
        "aka": [
          "UPS battery",
          "standby power supply"
        ],
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "Equipment that keeps critical loads — servers, telecoms, hospital systems — running through a mains failure, either switching to its battery within milliseconds or carrying the load through it continuously. Its batteries sit on float for years and must deliver 5–15 minutes at high power, a role long filled by VRLA and increasingly by lithium-ion, mostly LFP.",
        "related": [
          "en-62040-1",
          "vrla",
          "trickle-charge",
          "lfp",
          "power-path-management",
          "stationary-storage"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/uninterruptible-power-supply/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:vrla",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Valve-regulated lead–acid",
      "properties": {
        "id": "vrla",
        "name": "Valve-regulated lead–acid",
        "abbr": "VRLA",
        "aka": [
          "sealed lead–acid",
          "SLA",
          "AGM",
          "gel battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A lead–acid battery whose electrolyte is immobilised in glass-fibre mats (AGM) or a gel, with a pressure valve instead of open vents, so it can be used in any orientation without maintenance. It recombines the gases of overcharge internally.",
        "related": [
          "lead-acid",
          "flooded-lead-acid",
          "sulfation",
          "auxiliary-battery"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/vrla/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "overcharge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:trickle-charge",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Trickle and float charging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "trickle-charge",
        "name": "Trickle and float charging",
        "aka": [
          "float charge",
          "float charging",
          "trickle charge"
        ],
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "Holding a battery at a small current, or a fixed voltage, to keep it full. It is standard for lead–acid and NiMH but harmful for lithium-ion, which should be left to rest once charged; lithium-ion chargers instead top up when the voltage sags.",
        "related": [
          "lead-acid",
          "overcharge",
          "calendar-aging",
          "slow-charging",
          "oxygen-recombination"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/trickle-charge/",
        "mentions": [
          "nickel-metal-hydride"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:overcurrent-protection",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Overcurrent protection",
      "properties": {
        "id": "overcurrent-protection",
        "name": "Overcurrent protection",
        "abbr": "OCP",
        "aka": [
          "short-circuit protection",
          "discharge overcurrent",
          "charge overcurrent"
        ],
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "Opening a pack’s switches when current exceeds a set limit for longer than a set delay. Protection chips use tiers — a moderate overcurrent trips after milliseconds to seconds, a short circuit within microseconds — sensed across a shunt or the MOSFETs’ own on-resistance, with a fuse or PTC device as back-up.",
        "related": [
          "protection-circuit",
          "mosfet",
          "current-sensor",
          "fuse",
          "ptc",
          "short-circuit-test"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/overcurrent-protection/",
        "mentions": [
          "short-circuit"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}