{
"node": {
"id": "term:mscc",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Multistage constant-current charging",
"properties": {
"id": "mscc",
"name": "Multistage constant-current charging",
"abbr": "MSCC",
"aka": [
"step charging",
"stepped CC"
],
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "A charge protocol with a sequence of constant-current stages, often reducing current as the cell fills. Stage transitions follow selected time, voltage, state-of-charge or other limits. Charging time and lithium-plating risk depend on the cell and control conditions; a staged profile alone does not establish an improvement.",
"related": [
"cc-cv-charging",
"fast-charging",
"lithium-plating",
"charging-curve",
"xfc",
"pulse-charging"
],
"example": {
"title": "Build a staged current profile",
"text": "An illustrative sequence uses 3 A for 10 min, then 2 A for 10 min, then 1 A for 10 min. If every stage runs for its full duration, the charge transferred is 1 Ah. Voltage and temperature limits can terminate stages earlier."
},
"notes": [
"A sequence of CC steps is distinct from an automatically combined multistage CC-CV charger."
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/mscc/",
"mentions": []
}
},
"edges": [
{
"id": "edge:121",
"source": "term:mscc",
"target": "workflow:multistage-current",
"type": "usedIn",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "wiki-blocks.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:4457",
"source": "term:mscc",
"target": "topic:topic-charging",
"type": "belongsTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:4458",
"source": "term:mscc",
"target": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:4459",
"source": "term:mscc",
"target": "term:fast-charging",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:4460",
"source": "term:mscc",
"target": "term:lithium-plating",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:4461",
"source": "term:mscc",
"target": "term:charging-curve",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:4462",
"source": "term:mscc",
"target": "term:xfc",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:4463",
"source": "term:mscc",
"target": "term:pulse-charging",
"type": "relatedTo",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "terms.json",
"meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:4464",
"source": "term:mscc",
"target": "visual:charging-multi",
"type": "illustratedBy",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "visual-pages.json"
}
},
{
"id": "edge:4465",
"source": "term:mscc",
"target": "reference:tomaszewska-charging",
"type": "cites",
"properties": {
"sourceFile": "wiki-references.json",
"scope": "direct technical reference"
}
}
],
"neighbors": [
{
"id": "workflow:multistage-current",
"type": "Workflow",
"label": "Program current stages",
"properties": {
"id": "multistage-current",
"title": "Program current stages",
"kind": "protocol",
"summary": "Successive charge blocks produce stepped CC.",
"steps": [
"Add decreasing CC blocks.",
"Inspect voltage findings and durations."
],
"example": "10 A for 300 s then 5 A for 600 s supplies 1.67 Ah before efficiency adjustment.",
"observe": "Each stage has an explicit duration.",
"limits": "The bench refuses chaining plant blocks with standalone CC–CV; stepped CC is not multistage CC followed by final CV.",
"url": "https://design.lemonergy.com/",
"label": "Open Design → Protocol bench",
"evidence": [
"js/test-protocol.js"
]
}
},
{
"id": "topic:topic-charging",
"type": "Topic",
"label": "Charging and discharging",
"properties": {
"id": "topic-charging",
"name": "Charging and discharging",
"lede": "How current goes in and comes out, and the limits that stop it.",
"context": "Separate regulation from availability.",
"example": "The same CC–CV law can operate overnight or during a short depot stop.",
"lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/",
"lesson_label": "Open charging quantities"
}
},
{
"id": "term:cc-cv-charging",
"type": "Term",
"label": "CC-CV charging",
"properties": {
"id": "cc-cv-charging",
"name": "CC-CV charging",
"aka": [
"constant current constant voltage"
],
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "The standard lithium-ion charge protocol: constant current until the cell reaches its upper cutoff voltage, then that voltage held constant while the current tapers. The charge ends when the current falls to a set fraction, often C/20.",
"related": [
"constant-current",
"constant-voltage",
"cutoff-voltage",
"taper-current",
"fast-charging",
"cp-cv"
],
"lesson": "fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/#real-cells",
"example": {
"title": "Follow a two-stage charge",
"text": "For an illustrative 5 Ah cell, a 2.5 A current request is 0.5C. During CC the voltage rises. At the selected upper voltage, CV regulation holds voltage while current tapers. Completion requires the taper current to fall below the selected cutoff for the configured dwell."
},
"notes": [
"Choose voltage, current and temperature limits from the actual cell specification. These example values do not define a charging recipe."
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cc-cv-charging/",
"mentions": []
}
},
{
"id": "term:fast-charging",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Fast charging",
"properties": {
"id": "fast-charging",
"name": "Fast charging",
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "Charging intended to replenish a specified amount of energy or state of charge in a short time. There is no universal C-rate threshold: performance depends on cell chemistry, temperature, starting state and power limits. High current can increase heating and lithium-plating risk, requiring appropriate limits.",
"related": [
"lithium-plating",
"c-rate",
"cc-cv-charging",
"dc-fast-charging",
"thermal-management",
"mscc"
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/fast-charging/",
"mentions": [
"state-of-charge"
]
}
},
{
"id": "term:lithium-plating",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Lithium plating",
"properties": {
"id": "lithium-plating",
"name": "Lithium plating",
"section": "topic-aging",
"definition": "Lithium metal depositing on the negative-electrode surface instead of intercalating into it. It is promoted by charging at low temperature or high current.",
"related": [
"dendrite",
"fast-charging",
"intercalation",
"np-ratio",
"dead-lithium",
"electrodeposition"
],
"lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#plating",
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-plating/",
"mentions": []
}
},
{
"id": "term:charging-curve",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Charging curve",
"properties": {
"id": "charging-curve",
"name": "Charging curve",
"section": "topic-infrastructure",
"definition": "The power a vehicle actually accepts against its state of charge during a fast charge: high at low SOC, stepping down as the cells approach voltage and plating limits. The area under it, not the peak kilowatts, decides how long a stop takes.",
"unit": "kW",
"related": [
"dc-fast-charging",
"fast-charging",
"cc-cv-charging",
"derating",
"boost-charging"
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/charging-curve/",
"mentions": [
"state-of-charge"
]
}
},
{
"id": "term:xfc",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Extreme fast charging",
"properties": {
"id": "xfc",
"name": "Extreme fast charging",
"abbr": "XFC",
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "Charging a vehicle battery in about 10–15 minutes, roughly 4C to 6C — the US Department of Energy’s research target that set the term. At these rates lithium plating, heat and electrolyte transport limit the cell, so XFC needs thin or structured electrodes, strong cooling and careful protocols.",
"related": [
"fast-charging",
"lithium-plating",
"hpc",
"areal-loading",
"mscc"
],
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/xfc/",
"mentions": [
"electrolyte"
]
}
},
{
"id": "term:pulse-charging",
"type": "Term",
"label": "Pulse charging",
"properties": {
"id": "pulse-charging",
"name": "Pulse charging",
"section": "topic-charging",
"definition": "Charging with current pulses separated by rests or short discharges, intended to let concentration gradients relax and reduce plating. Benefits for lithium-ion are modest and depend on the cell; it is not standard practice.",
"related": [
"fast-charging",
"lithium-plating",
"relaxation"
],
"example": {
"title": "Separate peak from average current",
"text": "A 4 A charge pulse that is on for 10 s and off for 10 s has a 2 A average over one full period. Its peak current is still 4 A. Matching average current alone does not match instantaneous heating or electrochemical response."
},
"url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/pulse-charging/",
"mentions": []
}
},
{
"id": "visual:charging-multi",
"type": "Visual",
"label": "Compare charging profiles",
"properties": {
"title": "Compare charging profiles",
"summary": "See which quantity is held constant, when the phase changes and how charging ends.",
"readout": "Current steps from 5 to 3.25 to 1.75 A. Stage boundaries here are chosen for explanation; no final CV phase is shown.",
"formula": "CC: I = I_set · CV: V = V_limit",
"note": "Positive current charges the cell. Time is normalized; selected thresholds are not cell-specific recommendations. The voltage trace ends at termination; post-stop relaxation is excluded.",
"software": {
"status": "studio",
"label": "Test protocol in Lemonergy",
"body": "Sim → Open the protocol bench supports multiple CC steps. A chained multistage-CC-to-CV session is not currently supported; CC-CV uses its separate controller.",
"href": "https://design.lemonergy.com/"
},
"html": "Current profile
Charge current
\nVoltage profile
Cell voltage
"
}
},
{
"id": "reference:tomaszewska-charging",
"type": "Reference",
"label": "Lithium-ion battery fast charging: A review",
"properties": {
"title": "Lithium-ion battery fast charging: A review",
"publisher": "eTransportation",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2019.100011",
"type": "Review article",
"scope": "CC-CV and alternative charging protocols, transport limitations, degradation and thermal implications; results depend on cell and test conditions. Software behavior is documented separately in Lemonergy block references.",
"year": 2019,
"authors": [
"Anna Tomaszewska et al."
],
"accessed": "2026-10-27"
}
}
]
}