{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:moisture-content",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Moisture content",
    "properties": {
      "id": "moisture-content",
      "name": "Moisture content",
      "aka": [
        "Karl Fischer titration"
      ],
      "section": "topic-manufacturing",
      "definition": "The water left in electrodes, separator and electrolyte, measured by Karl Fischer titration and specified in the low hundreds of parts per million or below. Water forms HF with the salt, which attacks the positive electrode and the SEI.",
      "unit": "ppm",
      "related": [
        "vacuum-drying",
        "dry-room",
        "hydrofluoric-acid"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/moisture-content/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrode",
        "positive-electrode",
        "separator",
        "electrolyte",
        "sei"
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      "id": "edge:2364",
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      "source": "term:moisture-content",
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      "source": "term:moisture-content",
      "target": "reference:liu-manufacturing",
      "type": "cites",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "wiki-references.json",
        "scope": "direct technical reference"
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  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-manufacturing",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Manufacturing",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-manufacturing",
        "name": "Manufacturing",
        "lede": "The steps that turn powders and foils into a finished cell, in production order.",
        "context": "Place operations and quality checks in process order.",
        "example": "An electrode can meet coating mass targets but fail adhesion or moisture checks later.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/",
        "lesson_label": "Open production"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:vacuum-drying",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Vacuum drying",
      "properties": {
        "id": "vacuum-drying",
        "name": "Vacuum drying",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Baking electrode rolls or finished stacks under vacuum at 80–120 °C for many hours to drive off the last traces of water before they enter the dry room. Residual moisture would otherwise react with the electrolyte salt.",
        "related": [
          "dry-room",
          "lithium-salt",
          "moisture-content",
          "hydrofluoric-acid"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#assembly",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/vacuum-drying/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "electrolyte"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:dry-room",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Dry room",
      "properties": {
        "id": "dry-room",
        "name": "Dry room",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "A production room whose air is kept extremely dry — dew points around −30 °C to −60 °C — so that no moisture reaches the cell while the electrolyte goes in. Water would react with the salt LiPF₆ to form hydrofluoric acid.",
        "related": [
          "dew-point",
          "vacuum-drying",
          "electrolyte-filling",
          "lithium-salt"
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#assembly",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/dry-room/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "hydrofluoric-acid",
          "lipf6"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:hydrofluoric-acid",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Hydrofluoric acid",
      "properties": {
        "id": "hydrofluoric-acid",
        "name": "Hydrofluoric acid",
        "abbr": "HF",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "Formed when LiPF₆ electrolyte meets water, or when a fluorinated cell burns. Inside a cell traces of it attack the positive electrode and SEI; in a fire it is the most dangerous component of the vented gas.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "off-gas",
          "transition-metal-dissolution",
          "dry-room"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/hydrofluoric-acid/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "electrolyte",
          "sei",
          "lipf6"
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    {
      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
          "current-collector"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:positive-electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Positive electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "positive-electrode",
        "name": "Positive electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The electrode at the higher potential: a lithium metal oxide or phosphate coated on aluminium foil. It is the lithium source when a cell is built, and industry calls it the cathode.",
        "related": [
          "cathode",
          "cathode-active-material",
          "negative-electrode",
          "aluminium-foil"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
        "example": {
          "title": "Polarity and reaction",
          "text": "The positive electrode retains its polarity label while its electrochemical reaction reverses between charge and discharge."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/positive-electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:separator",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Separator",
      "properties": {
        "id": "separator",
        "name": "Separator",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "A porous, electronically insulating film between the electrodes. Electrons cannot cross it; ions move through the electrolyte in its pores.",
        "related": [
          "electrolyte",
          "ceramic-coated-separator",
          "separator-shutdown",
          "internal-short-circuit",
          "porosity"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#separator",
        "example": {
          "title": "Different conduction paths",
          "text": "A separator prevents direct electronic contact while permitting ionic transport through its electrolyte-filled structure."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/separator/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte",
        "name": "Electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "carbonate-solvent",
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "ionic-conductivity",
          "solid-electrolyte",
          "ionic-liquid-electrolyte"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#electrolyte",
        "example": {
          "title": "Ions and electrons",
          "text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:sei",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Solid–electrolyte interphase",
      "properties": {
        "id": "sei",
        "name": "Solid–electrolyte interphase",
        "abbr": "SEI",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "A film of electrolyte reaction products on the negative-electrode particles — graphite, and also silicon or lithium metal. It protects the electrode from further reaction but grows slowly for the whole life of the cell, consuming cyclable lithium.",
        "related": [
          "passivation",
          "formation",
          "calendar-aging",
          "loss-of-lithium-inventory",
          "cei"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#sei",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/sei/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "graphite",
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:liu-manufacturing",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing",
        "publisher": "iScience",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102332",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Electrode preparation, cell assembly, formation and manufacturing trade-offs.",
        "year": 2021,
        "authors": [
          "Yangtao Liu",
          "Ruihan Zhang",
          "Jun Wang",
          "Yan Wang"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}