{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:model-predictive-control",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Model predictive control",
    "properties": {
      "id": "model-predictive-control",
      "name": "Model predictive control",
      "abbr": "MPC",
      "section": "topic-data",
      "definition": "Control that uses a model to predict the system’s behaviour over a short horizon, chooses the input sequence that best meets a goal within constraints, applies the first step and repeats. In batteries it suits fast charging — the most current possible without breaching voltage or temperature limits or risking lithium plating — at a higher computing cost than PID.",
      "related": [
        "plant-model",
        "pid-controller",
        "fast-charging",
        "lithium-plating",
        "thermal-management",
        "equivalent-circuit-model"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/model-predictive-control/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:5301",
      "source": "term:model-predictive-control",
      "target": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5302",
      "source": "term:model-predictive-control",
      "target": "term:plant-model",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5303",
      "source": "term:model-predictive-control",
      "target": "term:pid-controller",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5304",
      "source": "term:model-predictive-control",
      "target": "term:fast-charging",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5305",
      "source": "term:model-predictive-control",
      "target": "term:lithium-plating",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5306",
      "source": "term:model-predictive-control",
      "target": "term:thermal-management",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5307",
      "source": "term:model-predictive-control",
      "target": "term:equivalent-circuit-model",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Data, communication and electronics",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-data",
        "name": "Data, communication and electronics",
        "lede": "The control units, chips, protocols and file formats through which a battery is measured, controlled and logged.",
        "context": "Separate quantities from encoding and transport.",
        "example": "2500 in a log might mean 25.00 °C, 2.5 V or raw counts. Units and scale must accompany the value.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/",
        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:plant-model",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Plant model",
      "properties": {
        "id": "plant-model",
        "name": "Plant model",
        "aka": [
          "system model"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "A model of the system being controlled — cells, pack, cooling loop, charger — as distinct from the controller itself. Engineers tune and verify BMS software against it in model-, software- and hardware-in-the-loop tests, so its fidelity, often an equivalent circuit model coupled to a thermal model, limits how much those tests prove.",
        "related": [
          "hil",
          "equivalent-circuit-model",
          "thermal-model",
          "digital-twin",
          "battery-emulator"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/plant-model/",
        "mentions": [
          "charger",
          "bms",
          "firmware"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:pid-controller",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "PID controller",
      "properties": {
        "id": "pid-controller",
        "name": "PID controller",
        "abbr": "PID",
        "aka": [
          "proportional–integral–derivative controller",
          "PI controller"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "A feedback controller whose output is a weighted sum of the present error, its accumulated integral and its rate of change. It is the workhorse of battery systems — holding coolant temperature with a pump or compressor, regulating charger current and voltage — and often runs as PI only, without the derivative term.",
        "formula": "u = K_p·e + K_i·∫e dt + K_d·de/dt",
        "related": [
          "feedback-feedforward-control",
          "gain-scheduling",
          "thermal-management",
          "plant-model",
          "model-predictive-control"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Separate three controller contributions",
          "text": "For an illustrative error e = 2, accumulated error 3 s and error slope −0.5/s, gains Kp = 1, Ki = 0.5/s and Kd = 0.2 s give u = 2 + 1.5 − 0.1 = 3.4. Output limits and anti-windup are separate design choices."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/pid-controller/",
        "mentions": [
          "charger",
          "refrigerant-loop"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:fast-charging",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Fast charging",
      "properties": {
        "id": "fast-charging",
        "name": "Fast charging",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "Charging intended to replenish a specified amount of energy or state of charge in a short time. There is no universal C-rate threshold: performance depends on cell chemistry, temperature, starting state and power limits. High current can increase heating and lithium-plating risk, requiring appropriate limits.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-plating",
          "c-rate",
          "cc-cv-charging",
          "dc-fast-charging",
          "thermal-management",
          "mscc"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/fast-charging/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-charge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-plating",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium plating",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-plating",
        "name": "Lithium plating",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Lithium metal depositing on the negative-electrode surface instead of intercalating into it. It is promoted by charging at low temperature or high current.",
        "related": [
          "dendrite",
          "fast-charging",
          "intercalation",
          "np-ratio",
          "dead-lithium",
          "electrodeposition"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#plating",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-plating/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:thermal-management",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Thermal management",
      "properties": {
        "id": "thermal-management",
        "name": "Thermal management",
        "abbr": "TMS",
        "aka": [
          "battery thermal management system",
          "BTMS"
        ],
        "section": "topic-thermal",
        "definition": "Keeping cells in their comfortable range, roughly 15–35 °C, and within a few degrees of each other: liquid cooling plates, refrigerant plates or immersion for heat removal, and heaters or waste heat for warming before fast charging in the cold.",
        "related": [
          "cooling-plate",
          "thermal-interface-material",
          "operating-temperature",
          "heat-generation",
          "preconditioning",
          "temperature-sensor"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/thermal-management/",
        "mentions": [
          "fast-charging"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:equivalent-circuit-model",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Equivalent circuit model",
      "properties": {
        "id": "equivalent-circuit-model",
        "name": "Equivalent circuit model",
        "abbr": "ECM",
        "aka": [
          "Thevenin model"
        ],
        "section": "topic-transport",
        "definition": "A cell model built from a voltage source for OCV, a series resistor and one or more RC pairs for the slower dynamics. Its few parameters are fitted from pulse tests, and it is what most battery management systems run in real time.",
        "related": [
          "rc-pair",
          "open-circuit-voltage",
          "hppc",
          "kalman-filter",
          "single-particle-model"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/equivalent-circuit-model/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}