{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:mercury-oxide-cell",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Mercury oxide cell",
    "properties": {
      "id": "mercury-oxide-cell",
      "name": "Mercury oxide cell",
      "aka": [
        "mercury battery",
        "mercuric oxide cell",
        "Ruben–Mallory cell",
        "zinc–mercury oxide cell"
      ],
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "A primary cell with a zinc negative and a mercuric oxide positive in alkaline electrolyte, giving an unusually flat 1.35 V that once made it the reference for meters, cameras and early pacemakers. Mercury’s toxicity ended it: US sales of mercuric oxide button cells stopped in 1996, and the Minamata Convention phased most mercury-added batteries out from 2020.",
      "related": [
        "primary-cell",
        "alkaline-cell",
        "silver-oxide-cell",
        "zinc-air",
        "medical-device-batteries"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/mercury-oxide-cell/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrolyte"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:mercury-oxide-cell/topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "source": "term:mercury-oxide-cell",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:mercury-oxide-cell/term:primary-cell",
      "source": "term:mercury-oxide-cell",
      "target": "term:primary-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:mercury-oxide-cell/term:alkaline-cell",
      "source": "term:mercury-oxide-cell",
      "target": "term:alkaline-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:mercury-oxide-cell/term:silver-oxide-cell",
      "source": "term:mercury-oxide-cell",
      "target": "term:silver-oxide-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:mercury-oxide-cell/term:zinc-air",
      "source": "term:mercury-oxide-cell",
      "target": "term:zinc-air",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:mercury-oxide-cell/term:medical-device-batteries",
      "source": "term:mercury-oxide-cell",
      "target": "term:medical-device-batteries",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/mercury-oxide-cell/electrolyte",
      "source": "term:mercury-oxide-cell",
      "target": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:primary-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Primary cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "primary-cell",
        "name": "Primary cell",
        "aka": [
          "non-rechargeable battery",
          "primary battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell designed to be discharged once and not recharged, such as an alkaline or lithium–manganese dioxide cell. Its reaction is not reversible in practice, unlike the secondary cells this glossary is mostly about.",
        "related": [
          "secondary-cell",
          "lithium-ion",
          "iec-60086-5",
          "lithium-iron-disulfide",
          "iec-60086"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/primary-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "lithium-manganese-dioxide",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:alkaline-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Alkaline cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "alkaline-cell",
        "name": "Alkaline cell",
        "aka": [
          "zinc–manganese dioxide"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "The common 1.5 V single-use cell, with a zinc negative electrode and manganese dioxide positive in potassium hydroxide electrolyte. It is the reference point for most people’s idea of a battery, and is not rechargeable.",
        "related": [
          "primary-cell",
          "zinc-air",
          "nominal-voltage",
          "zinc-carbon",
          "nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary",
          "mercury-oxide-cell"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/alkaline-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "electrolyte",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:silver-oxide-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Silver oxide cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "silver-oxide-cell",
        "name": "Silver oxide cell",
        "aka": [
          "SR cell",
          "silver oxide button cell"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A primary button cell with a silver oxide positive and zinc negative in alkaline electrolyte, giving 1.55 V on an exceptionally flat curve until nearly empty. That stability suits quartz watches and precision instruments; the cells carry SR codes such as SR626SW.",
        "related": [
          "silver-zinc",
          "coin-cell",
          "primary-cell",
          "alkaline-cell",
          "voltage-plateau",
          "mercury-oxide-cell"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/silver-oxide-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:zinc-air",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Zinc–air cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "zinc-air",
        "name": "Zinc–air cell",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell whose positive electrode uses oxygen from the air, so almost all its volume is zinc and its energy density is very high. It powers hearing aids as a primary cell; rechargeable versions are being developed for grid storage.",
        "related": [
          "primary-cell",
          "alkaline-cell",
          "long-duration-storage"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/zinc-air/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "energy-density"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:medical-device-batteries",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Medical device batteries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "medical-device-batteries",
        "name": "Medical device batteries",
        "aka": [
          "implantable battery",
          "medical battery pack"
        ],
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "Batteries for devices from infusion pumps and portable monitors to pacemakers. External equipment uses rechargeable packs tested to IEC 62133 and approved as part of the device under IEC 60601-1, built under ISO 13485 with full traceability; implants use hermetic primary cells such as lithium–iodine and lithium–silver vanadium oxide, chosen for years of predictable life.",
        "related": [
          "iec-60601-1",
          "iso-13485",
          "lithium-iodine-cell",
          "lithium-silver-vanadium-oxide",
          "iec-62133",
          "traceability"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/medical-device-batteries/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte",
        "name": "Electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "carbonate-solvent",
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "ionic-conductivity",
          "solid-electrolyte",
          "ionic-liquid-electrolyte"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#electrolyte",
        "example": {
          "title": "Ions and electrons",
          "text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}