{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:manganese",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Manganese",
    "properties": {
      "id": "manganese",
      "name": "Manganese",
      "aka": [
        "manganese sulfate",
        "high-purity manganese sulfate",
        "HPMSM"
      ],
      "section": "topic-sustainability",
      "definition": "A cheap, abundant metal used in NMC, LMO and LMFP positive electrodes and in alkaline cells. Ore comes mostly from South Africa, Gabon and Australia, but about 95 % of battery-grade high-purity manganese sulfate was refined in China in 2024, which puts manganese on critical-raw-material lists despite plentiful reserves.",
      "related": [
        "nmc",
        "lmo",
        "lmfp",
        "critical-raw-materials",
        "cobalt",
        "nickel-sulfate"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/manganese/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:6982",
      "source": "term:manganese",
      "target": "topic:topic-sustainability",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6983",
      "source": "term:manganese",
      "target": "term:nmc",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6984",
      "source": "term:manganese",
      "target": "term:lmo",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6985",
      "source": "term:manganese",
      "target": "term:lmfp",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6986",
      "source": "term:manganese",
      "target": "term:critical-raw-materials",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6987",
      "source": "term:manganese",
      "target": "term:cobalt",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6988",
      "source": "term:manganese",
      "target": "term:nickel-sulfate",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-sustainability",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Supply chain and regulation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-sustainability",
        "name": "Supply chain and regulation",
        "lede": "Where the materials come from, what a battery’s carbon footprint is, and the rules that govern it from mine to market.",
        "context": "Keep boundaries, dates, geography and units.",
        "example": "Carbon footprints can be compared only with compatible boundaries and functional units.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/",
        "lesson_label": "Open production context"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nmc",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "NMC",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nmc",
        "name": "NMC",
        "aka": [
          "NCM",
          "nickel manganese cobalt oxide",
          "LiNiMnCoO₂"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A family of layered-oxide positive electrode materials, LiNiₓMnᵧCo₁₋ₓ₋ᵧO₂, used in many electric-vehicle cells. Variants are named by their metal ratio: NMC811 has eight parts nickel to one each of manganese and cobalt.",
        "related": [
          "cathode-active-material",
          "high-nickel",
          "nca",
          "lfp",
          "cobalt"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Read the composition label",
          "text": "NMC811 denotes nominal nickel:manganese:cobalt proportions of 8:1:1 in the transition-metal component, not 80% nickel by whole-cell mass."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nmc/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lmo",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "LMO",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lmo",
        "name": "LMO",
        "aka": [
          "lithium manganese oxide",
          "spinel"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A manganese spinel positive material, LiMn₂O₄, that is cheap, safe and good at high power but suffers manganese dissolution and short life at elevated temperature. It is often blended with NMC rather than used alone.",
        "related": [
          "transition-metal-dissolution",
          "nmc",
          "cathode-active-material",
          "lnmo"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lmo/",
        "mentions": [
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lmfp",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "LMFP",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lmfp",
        "name": "LMFP",
        "aka": [
          "lithium manganese iron phosphate"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "Lithium iron phosphate with part of the iron replaced by manganese, which lifts the average voltage to about 3.8 V and so the energy density by 10–20 % while keeping most of LFP’s safety and cost advantages.",
        "related": [
          "lfp",
          "cathode-active-material",
          "energy-density"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lmfp/",
        "mentions": [
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:critical-raw-materials",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Critical raw materials",
      "properties": {
        "id": "critical-raw-materials",
        "name": "Critical raw materials",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "Materials that an economy depends on and whose supply is concentrated or at risk: for batteries, lithium, cobalt, nickel, natural graphite and manganese. The EU and US both list them and attach sourcing and recycling targets.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-carbonate",
          "cobalt",
          "natural-graphite",
          "eu-battery-regulation",
          "recycling"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/critical-raw-materials/",
        "mentions": [
          "graphite",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cobalt",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cobalt",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cobalt",
        "name": "Cobalt",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The metal that stabilises layered-oxide cathodes, mined largely in the Democratic Republic of Congo under scrutiny for working conditions. Its price and ethics have driven the industry from LCO and NMC111 towards high-nickel and cobalt-free LFP.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lco",
          "high-nickel",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "due-diligence"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cobalt/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nickel-sulfate",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Nickel sulfate",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nickel-sulfate",
        "name": "Nickel sulfate",
        "aka": [
          "class 1 nickel"
        ],
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The battery-grade nickel chemical fed to precursor plants, made from high-purity class 1 nickel or increasingly from Indonesian laterite ore by high-pressure acid leaching. It is the largest cost in a high-nickel cathode.",
        "related": [
          "precursor",
          "nmc",
          "high-nickel",
          "critical-raw-materials"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nickel-sulfate/",
        "mentions": [
          "cathode",
          "leaching"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}