{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:magnesium-ion",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Magnesium-ion battery",
    "properties": {
      "id": "magnesium-ion",
      "name": "Magnesium-ion battery",
      "abbr": "Mg-ion",
      "aka": [
        "magnesium battery",
        "rechargeable magnesium battery"
      ],
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "A battery with a magnesium-metal negative electrode shuttling divalent Mg²⁺ ions. Magnesium stores about 3,830 mAh per cubic centimetre, nearly twice lithium metal, and plates with less tendency to form dendrites. Progress is slow because the doubly charged ion diffuses sluggishly in most hosts; a 2000 prototype used a Chevrel-phase Mo₆S₈ positive at about 1.1 V.",
      "related": [
        "calcium-ion",
        "lithium-metal-anode",
        "dendrite",
        "solid-state-diffusion",
        "intercalation"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/magnesium-ion/",
      "mentions": [
        "milliampere-hour",
        "electrode",
        "negative-electrode"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:5859",
      "source": "term:magnesium-ion",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5860",
      "source": "term:magnesium-ion",
      "target": "term:calcium-ion",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5861",
      "source": "term:magnesium-ion",
      "target": "term:lithium-metal-anode",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5862",
      "source": "term:magnesium-ion",
      "target": "term:dendrite",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5863",
      "source": "term:magnesium-ion",
      "target": "term:solid-state-diffusion",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5864",
      "source": "term:magnesium-ion",
      "target": "term:intercalation",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/magnesium-ion/milliampere-hour",
      "source": "term:magnesium-ion",
      "target": "term:milliampere-hour",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/magnesium-ion/electrode",
      "source": "term:magnesium-ion",
      "target": "term:electrode",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/magnesium-ion/negative-electrode",
      "source": "term:magnesium-ion",
      "target": "term:negative-electrode",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:calcium-ion",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Calcium-ion battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "calcium-ion",
        "name": "Calcium-ion battery",
        "abbr": "Ca-ion",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A battery shuttling divalent Ca²⁺ ions, attractive because calcium is abundant and its metal sits only about 0.17 V above lithium’s potential while carrying two charges per atom. Practical cells remain elusive: calcium metal passivates in most electrolytes, reversible plating at room temperature was first shown in 2018, and Ca²⁺ moves slowly through host lattices.",
        "related": [
          "magnesium-ion",
          "sodium-ion",
          "passivation",
          "lithium-metal-anode",
          "intercalation"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/calcium-ion/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-metal-anode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium metal anode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-metal-anode",
        "name": "Lithium metal anode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A negative electrode made of lithium metal itself. It stores about ten times more charge per gram than graphite, which is the main attraction of solid-state cells, but it is reactive and prone to uneven deposits.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-metal-battery",
          "dendrite",
          "solid-state-battery",
          "anode-free"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/solid-state-cell-production/#why",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-metal-anode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "graphite"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:dendrite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Dendrite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "dendrite",
        "name": "Dendrite",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "A tree-like metal deposit that can grow from the negative electrode through the separator, raising self-discharge or causing an internal short circuit.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-plating",
          "internal-short-circuit",
          "lithium-metal-anode",
          "separator"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#plating",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/dendrite/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "self-discharge",
          "short-circuit"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:solid-state-diffusion",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Solid-state diffusion",
      "properties": {
        "id": "solid-state-diffusion",
        "name": "Solid-state diffusion",
        "section": "topic-transport",
        "definition": "Lithium moving through the crystal lattice of an active-material particle, with diffusion coefficients of about 10⁻¹⁶ to 10⁻¹³ m²/s — three or more orders of magnitude slower than the 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s of the liquid. It is usually the rate-limiting step for thick electrodes and large particles.",
        "unit": "m²/s",
        "related": [
          "diffusion-coefficient",
          "diffusion",
          "particle-size",
          "rate-capability",
          "gitt"
        ],
        "lesson": "transport/ficks-first-law/#in-a-cell",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/solid-state-diffusion/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:intercalation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Intercalation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "intercalation",
        "name": "Intercalation",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "Lithium inserting into, and leaving, the host structure of an electrode material — between graphite layers, for example — without destroying it.",
        "related": [
          "graphite",
          "rocking-chair",
          "lithium-plating",
          "conversion-reaction",
          "alloying"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#plating",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/intercalation/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:milliampere-hour",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Milliampere-hour",
      "properties": {
        "id": "milliampere-hour",
        "name": "Milliampere-hour",
        "abbr": "mAh",
        "section": "topic-units",
        "definition": "One thousandth of an ampere-hour, the capacity unit used for small cells. A phone cell of 4500 mAh holds 4.5 Ah; multiplied by its nominal voltage that is about 17 Wh.",
        "unit": "mAh",
        "related": [
          "ampere-hour",
          "watt-hour"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/milliampere-hour/",
        "mentions": [
          "nominal-voltage"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
          "current-collector"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:negative-electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Negative electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "negative-electrode",
        "name": "Negative electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The electrode at the lower potential, usually graphite on copper foil in a lithium-ion cell. It holds the lithium when the cell is charged and releases it on discharge, and industry calls it the anode.",
        "related": [
          "anode",
          "graphite",
          "positive-electrode",
          "copper-foil"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
        "example": {
          "title": "Keep the polarity name",
          "text": "Graphite remains the negative electrode during charge and discharge, while the anode/cathode reaction labels change with operating direction."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/negative-electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}