{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:lmo",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "LMO",
    "properties": {
      "id": "lmo",
      "name": "LMO",
      "aka": [
        "lithium manganese oxide",
        "spinel"
      ],
      "section": "topic-chemistries",
      "definition": "A manganese spinel positive material, LiMn₂O₄, that is cheap, safe and good at high power but suffers manganese dissolution and short life at elevated temperature. It is often blended with NMC rather than used alone.",
      "related": [
        "transition-metal-dissolution",
        "nmc",
        "cathode-active-material",
        "lnmo"
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      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lmo/",
      "mentions": [
        "manganese"
      ]
    }
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        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "topic:topic-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Lithium-ion chemistries and cell formats",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-chemistries",
        "name": "Lithium-ion chemistries and cell formats",
        "lede": "The electrode materials that define a lithium-ion cell, the crystal structures behind them, and the shapes cells are built in.",
        "context": "Separate chemistry from form factor.",
        "example": "Two cylindrical cells can share dimensions yet differ in cathode, capacity and current limits.",
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        "lesson_label": "Open cell architecture"
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      "id": "term:transition-metal-dissolution",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Transition-metal dissolution",
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        "name": "Transition-metal dissolution",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Manganese, nickel or cobalt ions leaching from the positive electrode into the electrolyte, especially at high voltage and temperature or when HF is present. They migrate to the negative electrode and poison the SEI there, accelerating lithium loss.",
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          "lmo",
          "hydrofluoric-acid",
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/transition-metal-dissolution/",
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          "manganese"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nmc",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "NMC",
      "properties": {
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        "name": "NMC",
        "aka": [
          "NCM",
          "nickel manganese cobalt oxide",
          "LiNiMnCoO₂"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A family of layered-oxide positive electrode materials, LiNiₓMnᵧCo₁₋ₓ₋ᵧO₂, used in many electric-vehicle cells. Variants are named by their metal ratio: NMC811 has eight parts nickel to one each of manganese and cobalt.",
        "related": [
          "cathode-active-material",
          "high-nickel",
          "nca",
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Read the composition label",
          "text": "NMC811 denotes nominal nickel:manganese:cobalt proportions of 8:1:1 in the transition-metal component, not 80% nickel by whole-cell mass."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nmc/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cathode-active-material",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cathode active material",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cathode-active-material",
        "name": "Cathode active material",
        "abbr": "CAM",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The lithium-containing compound in the positive electrode — NMC, NCA, LFP or LCO powder — that supplies the cell’s cyclable lithium. It is the most expensive material in most cells and sets the nominal voltage and much of the energy density.",
        "related": [
          "active-material",
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        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
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          "nominal-voltage",
          "energy-density"
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:lnmo",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "LNMO",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lnmo",
        "name": "LNMO",
        "aka": [
          "high-voltage spinel"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A nickel-doped manganese spinel, LiNi₀.₅Mn₁.₅O₄, that works at about 4.7 V and contains no cobalt. Its high voltage stresses today’s electrolytes, which is the main obstacle to commercial use.",
        "related": [
          "lmo",
          "electrochemical-stability-window",
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lnmo/",
        "mentions": [
          "cobalt",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:manganese",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Manganese",
      "properties": {
        "id": "manganese",
        "name": "Manganese",
        "aka": [
          "manganese sulfate",
          "high-purity manganese sulfate",
          "HPMSM"
        ],
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "A cheap, abundant metal used in NMC, LMO and LMFP positive electrodes and in alkaline cells. Ore comes mostly from South Africa, Gabon and Australia, but about 95 % of battery-grade high-purity manganese sulfate was refined in China in 2024, which puts manganese on critical-raw-material lists despite plentiful reserves.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lmo",
          "lmfp",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "cobalt",
          "nickel-sulfate"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/manganese/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:manthiram-cathodes",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry",
      "properties": {
        "title": "A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry",
        "publisher": "Nature Communications",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15355-0",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Layered oxides, spinels and polyanion cathodes; links between composition, structure and performance.",
        "year": 2020,
        "authors": [
          "Arumugam Manthiram"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}