{
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    "id": "term:lithium-rich-manganese",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Lithium-rich manganese cathode",
    "properties": {
      "id": "lithium-rich-manganese",
      "name": "Lithium-rich manganese cathode",
      "abbr": "LMR",
      "aka": [
        "LRM",
        "lithium manganese-rich",
        "Li-rich layered oxide",
        "OLO",
        "LMR-NMC"
      ],
      "section": "topic-chemistries",
      "definition": "A layered oxide carrying extra lithium in the transition-metal layer, typically Li₁.₂Ni₀.₁₃Co₀.₁₃Mn₀.₅₄O₂. Above about 4.5 V on the first charge, oxygen joins the redox, giving more than 250 mAh/g with little nickel or cobalt. Voltage fade, oxygen loss and a large first-cycle loss slowed adoption; GM and LG Energy Solution plan LMR cells for 2028.",
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        "nmc",
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        "high-nickel"
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        "cobalt",
        "voltage-fade",
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      "id": "topic:topic-chemistries",
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      "label": "Lithium-ion chemistries and cell formats",
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        "lede": "The electrode materials that define a lithium-ion cell, the crystal structures behind them, and the shapes cells are built in.",
        "context": "Separate chemistry from form factor.",
        "example": "Two cylindrical cells can share dimensions yet differ in cathode, capacity and current limits.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-architecture/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell architecture"
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      "id": "term:layered-oxide",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Layered oxide",
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        "definition": "The crystal structure of LCO, NMC and NCA: close-packed oxygen layers with lithium and transition-metal ions in alternate layers of octahedral sites, so lithium moves in two-dimensional sheets. The structure offers high capacity and voltage but can distort or mix cations when deeply delithiated. Sodium versions are labelled O3 or P2 by their stacking.",
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          "structural-degradation",
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      "id": "term:nmc",
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      "label": "NMC",
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        "aka": [
          "NCM",
          "nickel manganese cobalt oxide",
          "LiNiMnCoO₂"
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        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A family of layered-oxide positive electrode materials, LiNiₓMnᵧCo₁₋ₓ₋ᵧO₂, used in many electric-vehicle cells. Variants are named by their metal ratio: NMC811 has eight parts nickel to one each of manganese and cobalt.",
        "related": [
          "cathode-active-material",
          "high-nickel",
          "nca",
          "lfp",
          "cobalt"
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        "example": {
          "title": "Read the composition label",
          "text": "NMC811 denotes nominal nickel:manganese:cobalt proportions of 8:1:1 in the transition-metal component, not 80% nickel by whole-cell mass."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nmc/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "manganese"
        ]
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:first-cycle-loss",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "First-cycle loss",
      "properties": {
        "id": "first-cycle-loss",
        "name": "First-cycle loss",
        "aka": [
          "initial coulombic efficiency",
          "ICE"
        ],
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "The lithium consumed in forming the SEI on the first charge, which never returns to the positive electrode: about 5–10 % of capacity for graphite and far more for silicon. Pre-lithiation is the way to pay this debt in advance.",
        "unit": "%",
        "related": [
          "formation",
          "sei",
          "coulombic-efficiency",
          "pre-lithiation"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/first-cycle-loss/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "graphite"
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    {
      "id": "term:structural-degradation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Structural degradation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "structural-degradation",
        "name": "Structural degradation",
        "aka": [
          "phase transformation",
          "cation mixing"
        ],
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Changes in the crystal structure of a positive material as it cycles: layered oxides can rearrange into spinel or rock-salt phases at the surface, with nickel ions migrating into lithium sites. The new phases block lithium transport and raise resistance.",
        "related": [
          "high-nickel",
          "phase-transition",
          "impedance-rise",
          "loss-of-active-material"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/structural-degradation/",
        "mentions": [
          "lmo"
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:disordered-rock-salt",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Disordered rock salt",
      "properties": {
        "id": "disordered-rock-salt",
        "name": "Disordered rock salt",
        "abbr": "DRX",
        "aka": [
          "DRS",
          "cation-disordered rock salt",
          "cation-disordered rocksalt"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cathode family in which lithium and transition-metal ions share the same crystal sites at random instead of forming ordered layers. With about 10–20 % excess lithium, percolating diffusion paths open, giving over 250 mAh/g from abundant manganese, titanium or iron instead of nickel and cobalt. Slow kinetics, voltage hysteresis and oxygen loss keep it in the laboratory.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-rich-manganese",
          "layered-oxide",
          "cathode-active-material",
          "voltage-hysteresis",
          "cobalt"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/disordered-rock-salt/",
        "mentions": [
          "milliampere-hour",
          "cathode",
          "diffusion",
          "lattice-oxygen-release",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:high-nickel",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "High-nickel cathode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "high-nickel",
        "name": "High-nickel cathode",
        "aka": [
          "Ni-rich"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A layered oxide with 80 % or more nickel, such as NMC811 or NCA. Nickel raises capacity and lowers cobalt content, but the material is less thermally stable, more sensitive to moisture and ages faster at high voltage.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "nca",
          "cathode-active-material",
          "thermal-runaway",
          "cei",
          "mid-nickel"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/high-nickel/",
        "mentions": [
          "cobalt",
          "layered-oxide"
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:milliampere-hour",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Milliampere-hour",
      "properties": {
        "id": "milliampere-hour",
        "name": "Milliampere-hour",
        "abbr": "mAh",
        "section": "topic-units",
        "definition": "One thousandth of an ampere-hour, the capacity unit used for small cells. A phone cell of 4500 mAh holds 4.5 Ah; multiplied by its nominal voltage that is about 17 Wh.",
        "unit": "mAh",
        "related": [
          "ampere-hour",
          "watt-hour"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/milliampere-hour/",
        "mentions": [
          "nominal-voltage"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cobalt",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cobalt",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cobalt",
        "name": "Cobalt",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The metal that stabilises layered-oxide cathodes, mined largely in the Democratic Republic of Congo under scrutiny for working conditions. Its price and ethics have driven the industry from LCO and NMC111 towards high-nickel and cobalt-free LFP.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lco",
          "high-nickel",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "due-diligence"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cobalt/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:voltage-fade",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Voltage fade",
      "properties": {
        "id": "voltage-fade",
        "name": "Voltage fade",
        "aka": [
          "voltage decay"
        ],
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "A gradual drop in a cell’s average discharge voltage as it cycles, distinct from capacity fade. It is a known weakness of the lithium-rich manganese cathode, whose structure migrates towards spinel-like phases, costing a few tenths of a volt over a few hundred cycles. Energy then falls even where ampere-hours hold, so it must be tracked in watt-hours.",
        "related": [
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          "structural-degradation",
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          "nominal-energy",
          "state-of-energy"
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          "volt",
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          "lithium-rich-manganese",
          "manganese"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lattice-oxygen-release",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lattice oxygen release",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lattice-oxygen-release",
        "name": "Lattice oxygen release",
        "aka": [
          "oxygen release",
          "oxygen loss"
        ],
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Oxygen escaping from the crystal of a charged layered oxide as it transforms towards spinel and rock-salt phases. At high voltage it happens slowly at particle surfaces, leaving a resistive rock-salt layer and gas; on heating, high-nickel materials release it in bulk, feeding combustion inside the sealed cell. LFP’s phosphate binds its oxygen far more strongly.",
        "related": [
          "structural-degradation",
          "thermal-runaway",
          "high-nickel",
          "gas-generation",
          "lfp",
          "flammability"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lattice-oxygen-release/",
        "mentions": [
          "lmo",
          "layered-oxide"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:manthiram-cathodes",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry",
      "properties": {
        "title": "A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry",
        "publisher": "Nature Communications",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15355-0",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Layered oxides, spinels and polyanion cathodes; links between composition, structure and performance.",
        "year": 2020,
        "authors": [
          "Arumugam Manthiram"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}