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    "label": "Lithium metal anode",
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      "id": "lithium-metal-anode",
      "name": "Lithium metal anode",
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      "definition": "A negative electrode made of lithium metal itself. It stores about ten times more charge per gram than graphite, which is the main attraction of solid-state cells, but it is reactive and prone to uneven deposits.",
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        "negative-electrode",
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    {
      "id": "topic:topic-components",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Cell components and electrode materials",
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        "lede": "What a cell is physically made of — active materials, binders, additives, foils and tabs — and how its electrodes are put together.",
        "context": "Connect each material with its function.",
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        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A rechargeable cell whose negative electrode is lithium metal rather than a host material. It promises much higher energy density than lithium-ion, but lithium deposits unevenly on charge, so dendrites and short life have kept it from the mass market.",
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        "name": "Dendrite",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "A tree-like metal deposit that can grow from the negative electrode through the separator, raising self-discharge or causing an internal short circuit.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-plating",
          "internal-short-circuit",
          "lithium-metal-anode",
          "separator"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/dendrite/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "self-discharge",
          "short-circuit"
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      "id": "term:solid-state-battery",
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      "label": "Solid-state battery",
      "properties": {
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        "name": "Solid-state battery",
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        "aka": [
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        "definition": "A cell whose electrolyte is a solid rather than a liquid. It removes the flammable solvent and may allow a lithium-metal anode, but needs intimate solid–solid contact and, for most chemistries, stack pressure to keep it.",
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/solid-state-battery/",
        "mentions": [
          "anode",
          "electrolyte"
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:anode-free",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Anode-free cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "anode-free",
        "name": "Anode-free cell",
        "aka": [
          "zero-excess lithium"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A lithium-metal cell assembled with bare copper foil as the negative electrode; the first charge plates all its lithium out of the positive material. It maximises energy density but every lost lithium atom is lost capacity.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-metal-battery",
          "lithium-plating",
          "coulombic-efficiency"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/anode-free/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "copper-foil",
          "energy-density"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
          "current-collector"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:negative-electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Negative electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "negative-electrode",
        "name": "Negative electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The electrode at the lower potential, usually graphite on copper foil in a lithium-ion cell. It holds the lithium when the cell is charged and releases it on discharge, and industry calls it the anode.",
        "related": [
          "anode",
          "graphite",
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          "copper-foil"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
        "example": {
          "title": "Keep the polarity name",
          "text": "Graphite remains the negative electrode during charge and discharge, while the anode/cathode reaction labels change with operating direction."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/negative-electrode/",
        "mentions": [
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:graphite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Graphite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "graphite",
        "name": "Graphite",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "Layered carbon, the negative active material of nearly all lithium-ion cells. Lithium intercalates between its layers up to LiC₆, a theoretical 372 mAh/g, at a potential about 0.1 V above lithium metal.",
        "related": [
          "anode-active-material",
          "intercalation",
          "natural-graphite",
          "synthetic-graphite",
          "lithium-plating"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Compare matching mass bases",
          "text": "A graphite value per gram of active material cannot be directly compared with a value including binder, additive and foil."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/graphite/",
        "mentions": [
          "milliampere-hour",
          "active-material"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lesson:fundamentals/solid-state-cell-production/",
      "type": "Lesson",
      "label": "Lesson 3B · Solid-state production",
      "properties": {
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/solid-state-cell-production/"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:choi-post-li",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities",
      "properties": {
        "title": "Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities",
        "publisher": "Nature Reviews Materials",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.13",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Post-lithium-ion materials and battery concepts, including practical cell-level limitations; historical 2016 perspective.",
        "year": 2016,
        "authors": [
          "Jang Wook Choi",
          "Doron Aurbach"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}