{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:lithium-ion",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Lithium-ion battery",
    "properties": {
      "id": "lithium-ion",
      "name": "Lithium-ion battery",
      "abbr": "Li-ion",
      "section": "topic-chemistries",
      "definition": "A rechargeable cell in which lithium ions shuttle between two intercalation electrodes, typically graphite and a lithium metal oxide, through a non-aqueous electrolyte. Commercialised in 1991, it dominates portable electronics, electric vehicles and new grid storage.",
      "related": [
        "intercalation",
        "graphite",
        "nmc",
        "lfp",
        "rocking-chair",
        "lithium"
      ],
      "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#how-it-works",
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-ion/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrolyte"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
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      }
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    {
      "id": "edge:642",
      "source": "term:lithium-ion",
      "target": "term:intercalation",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:643",
      "source": "term:lithium-ion",
      "target": "term:graphite",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:644",
      "source": "term:lithium-ion",
      "target": "term:nmc",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:645",
      "source": "term:lithium-ion",
      "target": "term:lfp",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:646",
      "source": "term:lithium-ion",
      "target": "term:rocking-chair",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:647",
      "source": "term:lithium-ion",
      "target": "term:lithium",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/lithium-ion/electrolyte",
      "source": "term:lithium-ion",
      "target": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:649",
      "source": "term:lithium-ion",
      "target": "lesson:fundamentals/battery-basics/",
      "type": "explainedIn",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/#how-it-works"
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    {
      "id": "topic:topic-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Lithium-ion chemistries and cell formats",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-chemistries",
        "name": "Lithium-ion chemistries and cell formats",
        "lede": "The electrode materials that define a lithium-ion cell, the crystal structures behind them, and the shapes cells are built in.",
        "context": "Separate chemistry from form factor.",
        "example": "Two cylindrical cells can share dimensions yet differ in cathode, capacity and current limits.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-architecture/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell architecture"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:intercalation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Intercalation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "intercalation",
        "name": "Intercalation",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "Lithium inserting into, and leaving, the host structure of an electrode material — between graphite layers, for example — without destroying it.",
        "related": [
          "graphite",
          "rocking-chair",
          "lithium-plating",
          "conversion-reaction",
          "alloying"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#plating",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/intercalation/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:graphite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Graphite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "graphite",
        "name": "Graphite",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "Layered carbon, the negative active material of nearly all lithium-ion cells. Lithium intercalates between its layers up to LiC₆, a theoretical 372 mAh/g, at a potential about 0.1 V above lithium metal.",
        "related": [
          "anode-active-material",
          "intercalation",
          "natural-graphite",
          "synthetic-graphite",
          "lithium-plating"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Compare matching mass bases",
          "text": "A graphite value per gram of active material cannot be directly compared with a value including binder, additive and foil."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/graphite/",
        "mentions": [
          "milliampere-hour",
          "active-material"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nmc",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "NMC",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nmc",
        "name": "NMC",
        "aka": [
          "NCM",
          "nickel manganese cobalt oxide",
          "LiNiMnCoO₂"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A family of layered-oxide positive electrode materials, LiNiₓMnᵧCo₁₋ₓ₋ᵧO₂, used in many electric-vehicle cells. Variants are named by their metal ratio: NMC811 has eight parts nickel to one each of manganese and cobalt.",
        "related": [
          "cathode-active-material",
          "high-nickel",
          "nca",
          "lfp",
          "cobalt"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Read the composition label",
          "text": "NMC811 denotes nominal nickel:manganese:cobalt proportions of 8:1:1 in the transition-metal component, not 80% nickel by whole-cell mass."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nmc/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lfp",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "LFP",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lfp",
        "name": "LFP",
        "aka": [
          "lithium iron phosphate",
          "LiFePO₄"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A positive electrode material, LiFePO₄, giving cells a nominal voltage around 3.2 V, long cycle life and good thermal stability, but less energy per kilogram than nickel-rich oxides. Its flat voltage curve makes state of charge hard to read from voltage alone.",
        "related": [
          "cathode-active-material",
          "nmc",
          "lmfp",
          "ocv-soc-curve",
          "cycle-life"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#voltage",
        "example": {
          "title": "Chemistry is not the whole datasheet",
          "text": "Two LFP products can differ in format, loading, capacity and current limits. Their cathode family alone does not make them interchangeable."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lfp/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "nominal-voltage",
          "discharge-curve",
          "state-of-charge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:rocking-chair",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Rocking-chair mechanism",
      "properties": {
        "id": "rocking-chair",
        "name": "Rocking-chair mechanism",
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "The working principle of a lithium-ion cell: lithium ions rock back and forth between host electrodes and are neither plated nor dissolved. Because the electrodes are only hosts, the ion count stays fixed and the cell can cycle thousands of times.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-ion",
          "intercalation",
          "lithium-metal-battery"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/rocking-chair/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium",
        "name": "Lithium",
        "abbr": "Li",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The lightest metal, with the most negative electrode potential, which is why lithium cells have the highest voltage and specific energy of any practical chemistry. Inside a lithium-ion cell it exists only as Li⁺ ions in the electrolyte and in the electrode hosts, never as metal.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-ion",
          "lithium-metal-anode",
          "standard-potential",
          "lithium-carbonate"
        ],
        "lesson": "labs/battery-materials-lab/#battery-materials-lab",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "electrolyte",
          "specific-energy",
          "electrode-potential"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte",
        "name": "Electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "carbonate-solvent",
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "ionic-conductivity",
          "solid-electrolyte",
          "ionic-liquid-electrolyte"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#electrolyte",
        "example": {
          "title": "Ions and electrons",
          "text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lesson:fundamentals/battery-basics/",
      "type": "Lesson",
      "label": "Lesson 0 · Battery basics",
      "properties": {
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/"
      }
    }
  ]
}