{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:lithium-iodine-cell",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Lithium–iodine cell",
    "properties": {
      "id": "lithium-iodine-cell",
      "name": "Lithium–iodine cell",
      "abbr": "Li–I₂",
      "aka": [
        "lithium iodine",
        "pacemaker battery"
      ],
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "A 2.8 V solid-state primary cell in which a lithium anode meets an iodine–polymer cathode, and the lithium iodide that forms between them is both electrolyte and separator. It supplies only microamperes, but nothing gasses, so it can be sealed hermetically and last a decade or more; it has powered most cardiac pacemakers since the 1970s.",
      "related": [
        "primary-cell",
        "solid-electrolyte",
        "medical-device-batteries",
        "lithium-silver-vanadium-oxide",
        "lithium-metal-anode"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-iodine-cell/",
      "mentions": [
        "anode",
        "cathode",
        "separator",
        "electrolyte"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:lithium-iodine-cell/topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "source": "term:lithium-iodine-cell",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:lithium-iodine-cell/term:primary-cell",
      "source": "term:lithium-iodine-cell",
      "target": "term:primary-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:lithium-iodine-cell/term:solid-electrolyte",
      "source": "term:lithium-iodine-cell",
      "target": "term:solid-electrolyte",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:lithium-iodine-cell/term:medical-device-batteries",
      "source": "term:lithium-iodine-cell",
      "target": "term:medical-device-batteries",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:lithium-iodine-cell/term:lithium-silver-vanadium-oxide",
      "source": "term:lithium-iodine-cell",
      "target": "term:lithium-silver-vanadium-oxide",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:lithium-iodine-cell/term:lithium-metal-anode",
      "source": "term:lithium-iodine-cell",
      "target": "term:lithium-metal-anode",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/lithium-iodine-cell/anode",
      "source": "term:lithium-iodine-cell",
      "target": "term:anode",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/lithium-iodine-cell/cathode",
      "source": "term:lithium-iodine-cell",
      "target": "term:cathode",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/lithium-iodine-cell/separator",
      "source": "term:lithium-iodine-cell",
      "target": "term:separator",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/lithium-iodine-cell/electrolyte",
      "source": "term:lithium-iodine-cell",
      "target": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:primary-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Primary cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "primary-cell",
        "name": "Primary cell",
        "aka": [
          "non-rechargeable battery",
          "primary battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell designed to be discharged once and not recharged, such as an alkaline or lithium–manganese dioxide cell. Its reaction is not reversible in practice, unlike the secondary cells this glossary is mostly about.",
        "related": [
          "secondary-cell",
          "lithium-ion",
          "iec-60086-5",
          "lithium-iron-disulfide",
          "iec-60086"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/primary-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "lithium-manganese-dioxide",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:solid-electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Solid electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "solid-electrolyte",
        "name": "Solid electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "A solid ion conductor that replaces the liquid electrolyte in an all-solid-state cell. Oxide, sulfide, halide and polymer families each need a different production route.",
        "related": [
          "solid-state-battery",
          "electrolyte",
          "sintering",
          "stack-pressure",
          "ionic-conductivity",
          "superionic-conductor"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/solid-state-cell-production/#families",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/solid-electrolyte/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:medical-device-batteries",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Medical device batteries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "medical-device-batteries",
        "name": "Medical device batteries",
        "aka": [
          "implantable battery",
          "medical battery pack"
        ],
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "Batteries for devices from infusion pumps and portable monitors to pacemakers. External equipment uses rechargeable packs tested to IEC 62133 and approved as part of the device under IEC 60601-1, built under ISO 13485 with full traceability; implants use hermetic primary cells such as lithium–iodine and lithium–silver vanadium oxide, chosen for years of predictable life.",
        "related": [
          "iec-60601-1",
          "iso-13485",
          "lithium-iodine-cell",
          "lithium-silver-vanadium-oxide",
          "iec-62133",
          "traceability"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/medical-device-batteries/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-silver-vanadium-oxide",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium–silver vanadium oxide cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-silver-vanadium-oxide",
        "name": "Lithium–silver vanadium oxide cell",
        "abbr": "Li/SVO",
        "aka": [
          "SVO",
          "silver vanadium oxide",
          "defibrillator battery",
          "ICD battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "The primary cell inside most implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: a lithium anode against silver vanadium oxide, Ag₂V₄O₁₁, in a liquid electrolyte. It idles for years at microamperes, then delivers pulses of one to three amperes for seconds to charge the shock capacitor, and its sloping discharge curve lets the device predict replacement. Newer designs blend in CFx for energy.",
        "related": [
          "primary-cell",
          "lithium-carbon-monofluoride",
          "medical-device-batteries",
          "lithium-iodine-cell"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-silver-vanadium-oxide/",
        "mentions": [
          "anode",
          "electrolyte",
          "discharge-curve",
          "capacitor"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-metal-anode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium metal anode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-metal-anode",
        "name": "Lithium metal anode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A negative electrode made of lithium metal itself. It stores about ten times more charge per gram than graphite, which is the main attraction of solid-state cells, but it is reactive and prone to uneven deposits.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-metal-battery",
          "dendrite",
          "solid-state-battery",
          "anode-free"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/solid-state-cell-production/#why",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-metal-anode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "graphite"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:anode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Anode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "anode",
        "name": "Anode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The electrode where oxidation happens. On discharge that is the negative electrode; on charge it is the positive one. Battery makers nonetheless call the negative electrode “the anode” at all times, after its role on discharge.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "cathode",
          "oxidation",
          "graphite"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
        "example": {
          "title": "Check operating direction",
          "text": "During discharge, oxidation makes the negative electrode the anode. During charge, oxidation occurs at the positive electrode. Commercial names often retain the discharge convention."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/anode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cathode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cathode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cathode",
        "name": "Cathode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The electrode where reduction happens: the positive electrode on discharge, the negative one on charge. In industry usage, “cathode” means the positive electrode and its material, whatever the cell is doing.",
        "related": [
          "positive-electrode",
          "anode",
          "reduction",
          "cathode-active-material"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
        "example": {
          "title": "Check the reaction",
          "text": "During discharge, the positive electrode is the cathode because reduction occurs there. Charging moves reduction to the negative electrode."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cathode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:separator",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Separator",
      "properties": {
        "id": "separator",
        "name": "Separator",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "A porous, electronically insulating film between the electrodes. Electrons cannot cross it; ions move through the electrolyte in its pores.",
        "related": [
          "electrolyte",
          "ceramic-coated-separator",
          "separator-shutdown",
          "internal-short-circuit",
          "porosity"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#separator",
        "example": {
          "title": "Different conduction paths",
          "text": "A separator prevents direct electronic contact while permitting ionic transport through its electrolyte-filled structure."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/separator/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte",
        "name": "Electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "carbonate-solvent",
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "ionic-conductivity",
          "solid-electrolyte",
          "ionic-liquid-electrolyte"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#electrolyte",
        "example": {
          "title": "Ions and electrons",
          "text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}