{ "node": { "id": "term:limiting-reagent", "type": "Term", "label": "Limiting reagent", "properties": { "id": "limiting-reagent", "name": "Limiting reagent", "section": "topic-recycling", "aka": [ "limiting element" ], "definition": "The reactant that runs out first and so caps how much product a reaction can make, given the fixed proportions of its formula. When recovered metals are made back into cathode, the scarcest element relative to the recipe limits the batch; the others are left over or topped up with new material.", "related": [ "cathode-active-material", "precursor", "virgin-material", "closed-loop-recycling" ], "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/limiting-reagent/", "mentions": [ "cathode" ] } }, "edges": [ { "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:limiting-reagent/topic:topic-recycling", "source": "term:limiting-reagent", "target": "topic:topic-recycling", "type": "belongsTo", "properties": { "sourceFile": "terms.json" } }, { "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:limiting-reagent/term:cathode-active-material", "source": "term:limiting-reagent", "target": "term:cathode-active-material", "type": "relatedTo", "properties": { "sourceFile": "terms.json", "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim" } }, { "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:limiting-reagent/term:precursor", "source": "term:limiting-reagent", "target": "term:precursor", "type": "relatedTo", "properties": { "sourceFile": "terms.json", "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim" } }, { "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:limiting-reagent/term:virgin-material", "source": "term:limiting-reagent", "target": "term:virgin-material", "type": "relatedTo", "properties": { "sourceFile": "terms.json", "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim" } }, { "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:limiting-reagent/term:closed-loop-recycling", "source": "term:limiting-reagent", "target": "term:closed-loop-recycling", "type": "relatedTo", "properties": { "sourceFile": "terms.json", "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim" } }, { "id": "edge:mentions/limiting-reagent/cathode", "source": "term:limiting-reagent", "target": "term:cathode", "type": "mentions", "properties": { "sourceFile": "terms.json", "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions", "field": "definition", "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim" } }, { "id": "edge:illustratedBy/term:limiting-reagent/visual:limiting-element", "source": "term:limiting-reagent", "target": "visual:limiting-element", "type": "illustratedBy", "properties": { "sourceFile": "visual-pages.json" } } ], "neighbors": [ { "id": "topic:topic-recycling", "type": "Topic", "label": "Recycling and end of life", "properties": { "id": "topic-recycling", "name": "Recycling and end of life", "lede": "What happens to a battery after its first life: reuse, and the recycling routes that recover its materials, step by step.", "context": "Distinguish recovered material from a qualified product.", "example": "High mass recovery alone does not establish battery-grade purity or refining energy demand.", "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/", "lesson_label": "Open process context" } }, { "id": "term:cathode-active-material", "type": "Term", "label": "Cathode active material", "properties": { "id": "cathode-active-material", "name": "Cathode active material", "abbr": "CAM", "section": "topic-components", "definition": "The lithium-containing compound in the positive electrode — NMC, NCA, LFP or LCO powder — that supplies the cell’s cyclable lithium. It is the most expensive material in most cells and sets the nominal voltage and much of the energy density.", "related": [ "active-material", "nmc", "lfp", "precursor", "specific-capacity" ], "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cathode-active-material/", "mentions": [ "electrode", "positive-electrode", "nominal-voltage", "energy-density" ] } }, { "id": "term:precursor", "type": "Term", "label": "Precursor cathode active material", "properties": { "id": "precursor", "name": "Precursor cathode active material", "abbr": "pCAM", "section": "topic-manufacturing", "definition": "The mixed nickel–manganese–cobalt hydroxide made by co-precipitation from metal sulfate solutions, before lithium is added. Its particle size and shape are set here and carried through to the finished NMC powder.", "related": [ "cathode-active-material", "calcination", "nmc", "nickel-sulfate" ], "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/precursor/", "mentions": [ "particle-size", "cobalt", "manganese" ] } }, { "id": "term:virgin-material", "type": "Term", "label": "Virgin material", "properties": { "id": "virgin-material", "name": "Virgin material", "section": "topic-sustainability", "aka": [ "primary raw material" ], "definition": "Raw material extracted from mines or brines rather than recovered by recycling. Recycled-content rules count the share of a battery's cobalt, lithium, nickel and lead that did not come from virgin sources.", "related": [ "recycled-content", "critical-raw-materials", "recycling", "limiting-reagent" ], "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/virgin-material/", "mentions": [ "cobalt" ] } }, { "id": "term:closed-loop-recycling", "type": "Term", "label": "Closed-loop recycling", "properties": { "id": "closed-loop-recycling", "name": "Closed-loop recycling", "section": "topic-recycling", "definition": "Recycling in which the recovered material goes back into the same kind of product, battery metals into new cathodes rather than into steel or other markets. A closed-loop claim can be made per element, per material or per company, and is only as strong as the mass balance behind it.", "related": [ "recycling", "recycled-content", "direct-recycling", "circular-economy", "limiting-reagent" ], "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/closed-loop-recycling/", "mentions": [] } }, { "id": "term:cathode", "type": "Term", "label": "Cathode", "properties": { "id": "cathode", "name": "Cathode", "section": "topic-components", "definition": "The electrode where reduction happens: the positive electrode on discharge, the negative one on charge. In industry usage, “cathode” means the positive electrode and its material, whatever the cell is doing.", "related": [ "positive-electrode", "anode", "reduction", "cathode-active-material" ], "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode", "example": { "title": "Check the reaction", "text": "During discharge, the positive electrode is the cathode because reduction occurs there. Charging moves reduction to the negative electrode." }, "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cathode/", "mentions": [ "electrode" ] } }, { "id": "visual:limiting-element", "type": "Visual", "label": "The scarcest element sets the batch", "properties": { "title": "The scarcest element sets the batch", "summary": "Each recovered element could make a different amount of cathode on its own; the batch is the smallest of those amounts.", "readout": "Nickel allows 8120 kg, cobalt 8018 kg and manganese 7940 kg of NMC 622, so manganese limits the batch to 7940 kg.", "formula": "m_CAM = min( m_Ni / w_Ni , m_Co / w_Co , m_Mn / w_Mn ), w = mass fraction in the cathode", "note": "NMC 622 is LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2: w_Ni 0.363, w_Co 0.122, w_Mn 0.113. Lithium is taken as bought, so it does not limit the batch. Losses in precursor making and purity limits are not modelled.", "software": { "status": "reference", "label": "Reference concept", "body": "battery-core does not model cathode synthesis. The Lemonergy closed-loop recycling study combines the recovered elements of a returned fleet in the recipe of a named cathode.", "href": "../glossary/#topic-recycling" }, "html": "
NMC 622 each element could make
NMC 622 each element could makeRecovered nickel (kg) versus NMC 622 cathode (kg). Batch: the lowest; Nickel allows; Cobalt allows; Manganese allows. Interpretation follows the graphs.01,0002,8901,7505,7802,5008,6703,2501.16e+44,000Recovered nickel (kg)NMC 622 cathode (kg)
Batch: the lowestNickel allows (dashed)Cobalt allowsManganese allows
" } } ] }