{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:life-cycle-assessment",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Life-cycle assessment",
    "properties": {
      "id": "life-cycle-assessment",
      "name": "Life-cycle assessment",
      "abbr": "LCA",
      "section": "topic-sustainability",
      "definition": "The method for totalling a product’s environmental impact from raw material to end of life, standardised in ISO 14040. For a battery it is what turns mining, production, use and recycling data into a carbon footprint.",
      "related": [
        "carbon-footprint",
        "recycling",
        "eu-battery-regulation"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/life-cycle-assessment/",
      "mentions": [
        "end-of-life",
        "iso-14040"
      ]
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      "id": "edge:3335",
      "source": "term:life-cycle-assessment",
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    {
      "id": "edge:3336",
      "source": "term:life-cycle-assessment",
      "target": "term:carbon-footprint",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "edge:3337",
      "source": "term:life-cycle-assessment",
      "target": "term:recycling",
      "type": "relatedTo",
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      "id": "edge:3338",
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        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/life-cycle-assessment/end-of-life",
      "source": "term:life-cycle-assessment",
      "target": "term:end-of-life",
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      "id": "edge:mentions/life-cycle-assessment/iso-14040",
      "source": "term:life-cycle-assessment",
      "target": "term:iso-14040",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
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      "id": "topic:topic-sustainability",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Supply chain and regulation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-sustainability",
        "name": "Supply chain and regulation",
        "lede": "Where the materials come from, what a battery’s carbon footprint is, and the rules that govern it from mine to market.",
        "context": "Keep boundaries, dates, geography and units.",
        "example": "Carbon footprints can be compared only with compatible boundaries and functional units.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/",
        "lesson_label": "Open production context"
      }
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    {
      "id": "term:carbon-footprint",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery carbon footprint",
      "properties": {
        "id": "carbon-footprint",
        "name": "Battery carbon footprint",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The greenhouse gases emitted to make a battery, typically 50–100 kg CO₂-equivalent per kWh, dominated by cathode materials and the electricity used in cell production. The EU regulation requires it to be declared and will later cap it.",
        "unit": "kg CO₂e/kWh",
        "related": [
          "life-cycle-assessment",
          "eu-battery-regulation",
          "battery-passport",
          "gigafactory",
          "carbon-footprint-declaration"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/carbon-footprint/",
        "mentions": [
          "kilowatt-hour",
          "cathode",
          "cell-production",
          "co2-equivalent"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:recycling",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery recycling",
      "properties": {
        "id": "recycling",
        "name": "Battery recycling",
        "section": "topic-recycling",
        "definition": "Recovering lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and aluminium from end-of-life cells and production scrap. Scrap is today’s main feedstock; vehicle returns will dominate in the 2030s, and regulation now sets minimum recovery rates.",
        "related": [
          "black-mass",
          "hydrometallurgy",
          "pyrometallurgy",
          "direct-recycling",
          "eu-battery-regulation",
          "collection-target"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/recycling/",
        "mentions": [
          "cobalt",
          "production-scrap"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:eu-battery-regulation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "EU Battery Regulation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "eu-battery-regulation",
        "name": "EU Battery Regulation",
        "aka": [
          "Regulation (EU) 2023/1542"
        ],
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The European law, in force since 2023, that governs batteries over their whole life: carbon-footprint declarations, recycled-content minimums, due diligence on raw materials, performance and durability requirements, removability, the battery passport and collection and recycling targets.",
        "related": [
          "battery-passport",
          "carbon-footprint",
          "recycling",
          "due-diligence",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "eu-battery-directive"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/eu-battery-regulation/",
        "mentions": [
          "collection-target"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:end-of-life",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "End of life",
      "properties": {
        "id": "end-of-life",
        "name": "End of life",
        "abbr": "EOL",
        "section": "topic-state",
        "definition": "The point at which a cell no longer meets its application’s requirement, conventionally 80 % of initial capacity or a doubling of resistance. It is a definition for warranties and tests, not a point where the cell stops working.",
        "related": [
          "state-of-health",
          "beginning-of-life",
          "cycle-life",
          "second-life",
          "knee-point"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/end-of-life/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:iso-14040",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "ISO 14040 and ISO 14044",
      "properties": {
        "id": "iso-14040",
        "name": "ISO 14040 and ISO 14044",
        "aka": [
          "ISO 14040",
          "ISO 14044",
          "ISO 14040/44"
        ],
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The pair of international standards that define life-cycle assessment: ISO 14040 sets out the principles and framework, ISO 14044 the requirements. They prescribe four phases — goal and scope, inventory, impact assessment and interpretation — and a critical review before comparisons are published; battery footprint methods such as PEF build on them.",
        "related": [
          "life-cycle-assessment",
          "functional-unit",
          "system-boundary",
          "product-environmental-footprint",
          "carbon-footprint"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/iso-14040/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}