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    "label": "LFP",
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      "id": "lfp",
      "name": "LFP",
      "aka": [
        "lithium iron phosphate",
        "LiFePO₄"
      ],
      "section": "topic-chemistries",
      "definition": "A positive electrode material, LiFePO₄, giving cells a nominal voltage around 3.2 V, long cycle life and good thermal stability, but less energy per kilogram than nickel-rich oxides. Its flat voltage curve makes state of charge hard to read from voltage alone.",
      "related": [
        "cathode-active-material",
        "nmc",
        "lmfp",
        "ocv-soc-curve",
        "cycle-life"
      ],
      "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#voltage",
      "example": {
        "title": "Chemistry is not the whole datasheet",
        "text": "Two LFP products can differ in format, loading, capacity and current limits. Their cathode family alone does not make them interchangeable."
      },
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lfp/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrode",
        "positive-electrode",
        "nominal-voltage",
        "discharge-curve",
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      "target": "term:cycle-life",
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      "id": "topic:topic-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Lithium-ion chemistries and cell formats",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-chemistries",
        "name": "Lithium-ion chemistries and cell formats",
        "lede": "The electrode materials that define a lithium-ion cell, the crystal structures behind them, and the shapes cells are built in.",
        "context": "Separate chemistry from form factor.",
        "example": "Two cylindrical cells can share dimensions yet differ in cathode, capacity and current limits.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-architecture/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell architecture"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cathode-active-material",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cathode active material",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cathode-active-material",
        "name": "Cathode active material",
        "abbr": "CAM",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The lithium-containing compound in the positive electrode — NMC, NCA, LFP or LCO powder — that supplies the cell’s cyclable lithium. It is the most expensive material in most cells and sets the nominal voltage and much of the energy density.",
        "related": [
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        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "nominal-voltage",
          "energy-density"
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    {
      "id": "term:nmc",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "NMC",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nmc",
        "name": "NMC",
        "aka": [
          "NCM",
          "nickel manganese cobalt oxide",
          "LiNiMnCoO₂"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A family of layered-oxide positive electrode materials, LiNiₓMnᵧCo₁₋ₓ₋ᵧO₂, used in many electric-vehicle cells. Variants are named by their metal ratio: NMC811 has eight parts nickel to one each of manganese and cobalt.",
        "related": [
          "cathode-active-material",
          "high-nickel",
          "nca",
          "lfp",
          "cobalt"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Read the composition label",
          "text": "NMC811 denotes nominal nickel:manganese:cobalt proportions of 8:1:1 in the transition-metal component, not 80% nickel by whole-cell mass."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nmc/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lmfp",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "LMFP",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lmfp",
        "name": "LMFP",
        "aka": [
          "lithium manganese iron phosphate"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "Lithium iron phosphate with part of the iron replaced by manganese, which lifts the average voltage to about 3.8 V and so the energy density by 10–20 % while keeping most of LFP’s safety and cost advantages.",
        "related": [
          "lfp",
          "cathode-active-material",
          "energy-density"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lmfp/",
        "mentions": [
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:ocv-soc-curve",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "OCV–SOC curve",
      "properties": {
        "id": "ocv-soc-curve",
        "name": "OCV–SOC curve",
        "section": "topic-state",
        "definition": "The characteristic relation between a cell’s open-circuit voltage and its state of charge, measured once at low current and stored in the BMS. A steep curve, as for NMC, makes SOC easy to read from voltage; LFP’s flat curve does not.",
        "related": [
          "open-circuit-voltage",
          "state-of-charge",
          "coulomb-counting",
          "lfp",
          "voltage-plateau",
          "ocv-test"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/ocv-soc-curve/",
        "mentions": [
          "bms"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cycle-life",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cycle life",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cycle-life",
        "name": "Cycle life",
        "section": "topic-ratings",
        "definition": "The number of full charge–discharge cycles a cell completes before its capacity falls to a stated fraction, usually 80 %, of its initial value under defined conditions. LFP cells reach several thousand cycles; high-energy NMC fewer.",
        "unit": "cycles",
        "related": [
          "end-of-life",
          "capacity-fade",
          "depth-of-discharge",
          "calendar-life",
          "equivalent-full-cycle",
          "cycle-life-test"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cycle-life/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
          "current-collector"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:positive-electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Positive electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "positive-electrode",
        "name": "Positive electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The electrode at the higher potential: a lithium metal oxide or phosphate coated on aluminium foil. It is the lithium source when a cell is built, and industry calls it the cathode.",
        "related": [
          "cathode",
          "cathode-active-material",
          "negative-electrode",
          "aluminium-foil"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
        "example": {
          "title": "Polarity and reaction",
          "text": "The positive electrode retains its polarity label while its electrochemical reaction reverses between charge and discharge."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/positive-electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nominal-voltage",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Nominal voltage",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nominal-voltage",
        "name": "Nominal voltage",
        "section": "topic-ratings",
        "definition": "A representative average voltage of a cell over a full discharge, such as 3.6–3.7 V for an oxide/graphite cell or about 3.2 V for LFP/graphite. Multiplied by capacity, it gives nominal energy.",
        "unit": "V",
        "related": [
          "nominal-energy",
          "open-circuit-voltage",
          "voltage-window",
          "lfp"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/#energy",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nominal-voltage/",
        "mentions": [
          "graphite"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:discharge-curve",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Discharge curve",
      "properties": {
        "id": "discharge-curve",
        "name": "Discharge curve",
        "aka": [
          "voltage curve"
        ],
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "The plot of terminal voltage against delivered capacity at a given current and temperature. Its shape identifies the chemistry — LFP is flat, NMC slopes — and its area is the delivered energy.",
        "related": [
          "discharge",
          "voltage-plateau",
          "nominal-voltage",
          "ocv-soc-curve"
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/#area",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/discharge-curve/",
        "mentions": [
          "voltage"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:state-of-charge",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "State of charge",
      "properties": {
        "id": "state-of-charge",
        "name": "State of charge",
        "abbr": "SOC",
        "section": "topic-state",
        "definition": "How full a cell is, as a fraction of its available capacity. State of charge, like temperature, affects how fast a stored cell ages.",
        "unit": "%",
        "related": [
          "depth-of-discharge",
          "ocv-soc-curve",
          "coulomb-counting",
          "state-of-health",
          "bms"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#storage-soc",
        "example": {
          "title": "Interpret a charge inventory",
          "text": "If available capacity is 5 Ah and 3 Ah remains by the chosen estimator, SOC is 60%. A different estimate of available capacity changes this percentage, so compare SOC values only with the capacity convention recorded."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/state-of-charge/",
        "mentions": [
          "usable-capacity"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lesson:fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
      "type": "Lesson",
      "label": "Lesson 1 · Cell anatomy",
      "properties": {
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:manthiram-cathodes",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry",
      "properties": {
        "title": "A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry",
        "publisher": "Nature Communications",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15355-0",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Layered oxides, spinels and polyanion cathodes; links between composition, structure and performance.",
        "year": 2020,
        "authors": [
          "Arumugam Manthiram"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}