{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:lead-acid",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Lead–acid battery",
    "properties": {
      "id": "lead-acid",
      "name": "Lead–acid battery",
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "The oldest rechargeable chemistry, lead and lead dioxide electrodes in sulfuric acid, at 2 V per cell. Heavy and short-lived in deep cycling but cheap, recyclable and good at cold cranking, it still starts most cars and backs up most telecom sites.",
      "related": [
        "nominal-voltage",
        "recycling",
        "specific-energy"
      ],
      "lesson": "labs/battery-materials-lab/#bml-market",
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lead-acid/",
      "mentions": []
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:781",
      "source": "term:lead-acid",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:782",
      "source": "term:lead-acid",
      "target": "term:nominal-voltage",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:783",
      "source": "term:lead-acid",
      "target": "term:recycling",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:784",
      "source": "term:lead-acid",
      "target": "term:specific-energy",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:785",
      "source": "term:lead-acid",
      "target": "lesson:labs/battery-materials-lab/",
      "type": "explainedIn",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/labs/battery-materials-lab/#bml-market"
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  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
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      "id": "term:nominal-voltage",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Nominal voltage",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nominal-voltage",
        "name": "Nominal voltage",
        "section": "topic-ratings",
        "definition": "A representative average voltage of a cell over a full discharge, such as 3.6–3.7 V for an oxide/graphite cell or about 3.2 V for LFP/graphite. Multiplied by capacity, it gives nominal energy.",
        "unit": "V",
        "related": [
          "nominal-energy",
          "open-circuit-voltage",
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/#energy",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nominal-voltage/",
        "mentions": [
          "graphite"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:recycling",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery recycling",
      "properties": {
        "id": "recycling",
        "name": "Battery recycling",
        "section": "topic-recycling",
        "definition": "Recovering lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and aluminium from end-of-life cells and production scrap. Scrap is today’s main feedstock; vehicle returns will dominate in the 2030s, and regulation now sets minimum recovery rates.",
        "related": [
          "black-mass",
          "hydrometallurgy",
          "pyrometallurgy",
          "direct-recycling",
          "eu-battery-regulation",
          "collection-target"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/recycling/",
        "mentions": [
          "cobalt",
          "production-scrap"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:specific-energy",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Specific energy",
      "properties": {
        "id": "specific-energy",
        "name": "Specific energy",
        "aka": [
          "gravimetric energy density"
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        "section": "topic-ratings",
        "definition": "Stored energy per unit mass, in watt-hours per kilogram. Commercial lithium-ion cells range from about 160 Wh/kg for LFP to around 270 Wh/kg for high-nickel chemistries; at pack level the figure drops by a quarter or more.",
        "unit": "Wh/kg",
        "related": [
          "energy-density",
          "cell-to-pack-ratio",
          "specific-capacity",
          "ragone-plot"
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/capacity-and-c-rate/#energy",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/specific-energy/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lesson:labs/battery-materials-lab/",
      "type": "Lesson",
      "label": "Battery materials lab",
      "properties": {
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/labs/battery-materials-lab/"
      }
    }
  ]
}