{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:layered-oxide",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Layered oxide",
    "properties": {
      "id": "layered-oxide",
      "name": "Layered oxide",
      "abbr": "LTMO",
      "aka": [
        "layered transition-metal oxide",
        "α-NaFeO₂ structure",
        "O3 structure",
        "P2 structure"
      ],
      "section": "topic-chemistries",
      "definition": "The crystal structure of LCO, NMC and NCA: close-packed oxygen layers with lithium and transition-metal ions in alternate layers of octahedral sites, so lithium moves in two-dimensional sheets. The structure offers high capacity and voltage but can distort or mix cations when deeply delithiated. Sodium versions are labelled O3 or P2 by their stacking.",
      "related": [
        "nmc",
        "lco",
        "nca",
        "structural-degradation",
        "spinel-structure",
        "sodium-ion"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/layered-oxide/",
      "mentions": [
        "stacking"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:6073",
      "source": "term:layered-oxide",
      "target": "topic:topic-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6074",
      "source": "term:layered-oxide",
      "target": "term:nmc",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6075",
      "source": "term:layered-oxide",
      "target": "term:lco",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6076",
      "source": "term:layered-oxide",
      "target": "term:nca",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6077",
      "source": "term:layered-oxide",
      "target": "term:structural-degradation",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6078",
      "source": "term:layered-oxide",
      "target": "term:spinel-structure",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6079",
      "source": "term:layered-oxide",
      "target": "term:sodium-ion",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/layered-oxide/stacking",
      "source": "term:layered-oxide",
      "target": "term:stacking",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6081",
      "source": "term:layered-oxide",
      "target": "reference:manthiram-cathodes",
      "type": "cites",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "wiki-references.json",
        "scope": "direct technical reference"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Lithium-ion chemistries and cell formats",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-chemistries",
        "name": "Lithium-ion chemistries and cell formats",
        "lede": "The electrode materials that define a lithium-ion cell, the crystal structures behind them, and the shapes cells are built in.",
        "context": "Separate chemistry from form factor.",
        "example": "Two cylindrical cells can share dimensions yet differ in cathode, capacity and current limits.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-architecture/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell architecture"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nmc",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "NMC",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nmc",
        "name": "NMC",
        "aka": [
          "NCM",
          "nickel manganese cobalt oxide",
          "LiNiMnCoO₂"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A family of layered-oxide positive electrode materials, LiNiₓMnᵧCo₁₋ₓ₋ᵧO₂, used in many electric-vehicle cells. Variants are named by their metal ratio: NMC811 has eight parts nickel to one each of manganese and cobalt.",
        "related": [
          "cathode-active-material",
          "high-nickel",
          "nca",
          "lfp",
          "cobalt"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Read the composition label",
          "text": "NMC811 denotes nominal nickel:manganese:cobalt proportions of 8:1:1 in the transition-metal component, not 80% nickel by whole-cell mass."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nmc/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lco",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "LCO",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lco",
        "name": "LCO",
        "aka": [
          "lithium cobalt oxide",
          "LiCoO₂"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "The original lithium-ion positive material, LiCoO₂, still used in phones and laptops for its high volumetric energy density. Cobalt cost and limited thermal stability keep it out of vehicles.",
        "related": [
          "cobalt",
          "nmc",
          "cathode-active-material",
          "consumer-electronics"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lco/",
        "mentions": [
          "energy-density"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nca",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "NCA",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nca",
        "name": "NCA",
        "aka": [
          "nickel cobalt aluminium oxide"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A layered-oxide positive material, LiNi₀.₈Co₀.₁₅Al₀.₀₅O₂ in its classic form, with aluminium in place of the manganese of NMC. It offers high specific energy and is associated with long-range electric cars built from cylindrical cells.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "high-nickel",
          "cathode-active-material",
          "cylindrical-cell",
          "ncma"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nca/",
        "mentions": [
          "specific-energy",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:structural-degradation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Structural degradation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "structural-degradation",
        "name": "Structural degradation",
        "aka": [
          "phase transformation",
          "cation mixing"
        ],
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Changes in the crystal structure of a positive material as it cycles: layered oxides can rearrange into spinel or rock-salt phases at the surface, with nickel ions migrating into lithium sites. The new phases block lithium transport and raise resistance.",
        "related": [
          "high-nickel",
          "phase-transition",
          "impedance-rise",
          "loss-of-active-material"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/structural-degradation/",
        "mentions": [
          "lmo"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:spinel-structure",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Spinel structure",
      "properties": {
        "id": "spinel-structure",
        "name": "Spinel structure",
        "aka": [
          "spinel crystal structure",
          "AB₂O₄ structure"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cubic crystal structure of formula AB₂O₄ in which, for lithium materials, lithium sits in tetrahedral sites and transition metals in octahedral ones, leaving three-dimensional channels for lithium to move. That gives good rate capability; it is the framework of LMO, high-voltage LNMO and lithium titanate. Manganese spinels suffer manganese dissolution and Jahn–Teller distortion.",
        "related": [
          "lmo",
          "lnmo",
          "lto",
          "layered-oxide",
          "olivine-structure",
          "transition-metal-dissolution"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/spinel-structure/",
        "mentions": [
          "rate-capability",
          "jahn-teller-distortion",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:sodium-ion",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Sodium-ion battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "sodium-ion",
        "name": "Sodium-ion battery",
        "abbr": "Na-ion",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell built like a lithium-ion cell but shuttling sodium ions, usually between a hard-carbon negative electrode and a layered oxide or Prussian-blue positive. It uses no lithium, cobalt or copper, at the cost of lower energy density.",
        "related": [
          "hard-carbon",
          "lithium-ion",
          "energy-density",
          "stationary-storage",
          "seawater-battery"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/sodium-ion/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "cobalt",
          "layered-oxide"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:stacking",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Stacking",
      "properties": {
        "id": "stacking",
        "name": "Stacking",
        "aka": [
          "Z-folding",
          "lamination"
        ],
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Building a cell from individual electrode sheets interleaved with separator, either sheet by sheet or by folding a continuous separator in a zigzag. It uses the volume of a rectangular case better than winding but is slower and more exacting.",
        "related": [
          "winding",
          "pouch-cell",
          "prismatic-cell",
          "notching"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#assembly",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/stacking/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "separator"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:manthiram-cathodes",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry",
      "properties": {
        "title": "A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry",
        "publisher": "Nature Communications",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15355-0",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Layered oxides, spinels and polyanion cathodes; links between composition, structure and performance.",
        "year": 2020,
        "authors": [
          "Arumugam Manthiram"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}