{
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      "id": "topic:topic-electrochemistry",
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      "label": "Electrochemistry fundamentals",
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      "type": "Term",
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      "properties": {
        "id": "graphite",
        "name": "Graphite",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "Layered carbon, the negative active material of nearly all lithium-ion cells. Lithium intercalates between its layers up to LiC₆, a theoretical 372 mAh/g, at a potential about 0.1 V above lithium metal.",
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        "definition": "The working principle of a lithium-ion cell: lithium ions rock back and forth between host electrodes and are neither plated nor dissolved. Because the electrodes are only hosts, the ion count stays fixed and the cell can cycle thousands of times.",
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      "label": "Lithium plating",
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        "name": "Lithium plating",
        "section": "topic-aging",
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        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "An electrode reaction in which the host compound is broken down and reformed, as sulfur or a metal fluoride is, rather than lithium slotting into an intact structure. Conversion materials store more charge than intercalation hosts but suffer large volume change and voltage hysteresis.",
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        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "An electrode mechanism in which lithium forms an alloy with the host, as it does with silicon, tin or aluminium. It stores far more lithium per atom than intercalation at the cost of volume changes of several hundred percent.",
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      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
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          "positive-electrode",
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          "current-collector"
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        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
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      "type": "Lesson",
      "label": "Lesson 4 · Battery aging",
      "properties": {
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      }
    }
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}