{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:inductively-coupled-plasma",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Inductively coupled plasma spectrometry",
    "properties": {
      "id": "inductively-coupled-plasma",
      "name": "Inductively coupled plasma spectrometry",
      "abbr": "ICP",
      "aka": [
        "ICP-OES",
        "ICP-AES",
        "ICP-MS"
      ],
      "section": "topic-analysis",
      "definition": "Dissolving a sample in acid, spraying it into an argon plasma of several thousand kelvin and measuring each element by the light it emits (OES) or by ion mass (MS). It is the reference method for cathode stoichiometry, lithium content, black-mass assays and the traces of dissolved transition metals on aged anodes, down to parts per billion.",
      "related": [
        "cathode-active-material",
        "black-mass",
        "transition-metal-dissolution",
        "x-ray-fluorescence",
        "post-mortem"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/inductively-coupled-plasma/",
      "mentions": [
        "cathode"
      ]
    }
  },
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      "id": "edge:5621",
      "source": "term:inductively-coupled-plasma",
      "target": "term:post-mortem",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "topic:topic-analysis",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Materials analysis and post-mortem",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-analysis",
        "name": "Materials analysis and post-mortem",
        "lede": "The laboratory techniques that look inside electrodes, interphases and electrolytes to see what a cell is made of and how it aged.",
        "context": "Connect results with scale and specimen preparation.",
        "example": "Surface and bulk measurements may find different compositions in the same electrode without contradiction.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/labs/battery-materials-lab/",
        "lesson_label": "Open materials lab"
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:cathode-active-material",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cathode active material",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cathode-active-material",
        "name": "Cathode active material",
        "abbr": "CAM",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The lithium-containing compound in the positive electrode — NMC, NCA, LFP or LCO powder — that supplies the cell’s cyclable lithium. It is the most expensive material in most cells and sets the nominal voltage and much of the energy density.",
        "related": [
          "active-material",
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          "lfp",
          "precursor",
          "specific-capacity"
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          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "nominal-voltage",
          "energy-density"
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    {
      "id": "term:black-mass",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Black mass",
      "properties": {
        "id": "black-mass",
        "name": "Black mass",
        "section": "topic-recycling",
        "definition": "The dark powder of mixed electrode materials left after end-of-life cells are discharged, shredded and separated from their casings, foils and separators. It is the traded intermediate that hydrometallurgical refiners buy.",
        "related": [
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          "hydrometallurgy",
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        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
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    {
      "id": "term:transition-metal-dissolution",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Transition-metal dissolution",
      "properties": {
        "id": "transition-metal-dissolution",
        "name": "Transition-metal dissolution",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Manganese, nickel or cobalt ions leaching from the positive electrode into the electrolyte, especially at high voltage and temperature or when HF is present. They migrate to the negative electrode and poison the SEI there, accelerating lithium loss.",
        "related": [
          "lmo",
          "hydrofluoric-acid",
          "sei",
          "loss-of-active-material",
          "crosstalk"
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#crystals",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/transition-metal-dissolution/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
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          "electrolyte",
          "cobalt",
          "leaching",
          "manganese"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:x-ray-fluorescence",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "X-ray fluorescence",
      "properties": {
        "id": "x-ray-fluorescence",
        "name": "X-ray fluorescence",
        "abbr": "XRF",
        "aka": [
          "XRF spectroscopy"
        ],
        "section": "topic-analysis",
        "definition": "Exciting a sample with X-rays and reading the characteristic X-rays each element re-emits — a fast, largely non-destructive composition measurement. It checks nickel, manganese and cobalt ratios, coating loading and black-mass grades, and finds transition metals deposited on aged anodes, but it cannot detect lithium.",
        "related": [
          "inductively-coupled-plasma",
          "energy-dispersive-x-ray-spectroscopy",
          "black-mass",
          "transition-metal-dissolution",
          "areal-loading"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/x-ray-fluorescence/",
        "mentions": [
          "coating",
          "cobalt",
          "manganese"
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    {
      "id": "term:post-mortem",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Post-mortem analysis",
      "properties": {
        "id": "post-mortem",
        "name": "Post-mortem analysis",
        "aka": [
          "teardown"
        ],
        "section": "topic-analysis",
        "definition": "Opening an aged or failed cell in an inert glovebox and examining its electrodes by microscopy, diffraction and chemical analysis. It confirms which degradation mechanisms actually occurred rather than inferring them from voltage.",
        "related": [
          "aging-mechanism",
          "scanning-electron-microscopy",
          "x-ray-diffraction",
          "differential-voltage-analysis",
          "nuclear-magnetic-resonance"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/post-mortem/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cathode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cathode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cathode",
        "name": "Cathode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The electrode where reduction happens: the positive electrode on discharge, the negative one on charge. In industry usage, “cathode” means the positive electrode and its material, whatever the cell is doing.",
        "related": [
          "positive-electrode",
          "anode",
          "reduction",
          "cathode-active-material"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#anode-cathode",
        "example": {
          "title": "Check the reaction",
          "text": "During discharge, the positive electrode is the cathode because reduction occurs there. Charging moves reduction to the negative electrode."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cathode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}