{
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    "id": "term:ieee-485",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "IEEE 485",
    "properties": {
      "id": "ieee-485",
      "name": "IEEE 485",
      "section": "topic-standards-stationary",
      "definition": "IEEE’s recommended practice for sizing stationary lead–acid batteries in float service: define the DC load as a duty cycle of currents over time, then choose the cell size and number that will carry it, with allowances for temperature, ageing and design margin. Charger sizing and other chemistries are outside its scope; the current revision dates from 2020.",
      "related": [
        "lead-acid",
        "vrla",
        "load-profile",
        "stationary-storage",
        "iec-60896",
        "ieee-1679"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/ieee-485/",
      "mentions": [
        "charger"
      ]
    }
  },
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      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "topic:topic-standards-stationary",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Stationary, industrial and product standards",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-standards-stationary",
        "name": "Stationary, industrial and product standards",
        "lede": "Safety and performance standards for portable, industrial and grid batteries, their electronics and their installation.",
        "context": "Match scope to product and installation.",
        "example": "A cell-level test does not establish fire performance or commissioning requirements for a complete installation.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/",
        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
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      "id": "term:lead-acid",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lead–acid battery",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lead-acid",
        "name": "Lead–acid battery",
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "The oldest rechargeable chemistry, lead and lead dioxide electrodes in sulfuric acid, at 2 V per cell. Heavy and short-lived in deep cycling but cheap, recyclable and good at cold cranking, it still starts most cars and backs up most telecom sites.",
        "related": [
          "nominal-voltage",
          "recycling",
          "specific-energy"
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        "mentions": []
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    {
      "id": "term:vrla",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Valve-regulated lead–acid",
      "properties": {
        "id": "vrla",
        "name": "Valve-regulated lead–acid",
        "abbr": "VRLA",
        "aka": [
          "sealed lead–acid",
          "SLA",
          "AGM",
          "gel battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A lead–acid battery whose electrolyte is immobilised in glass-fibre mats (AGM) or a gel, with a pressure valve instead of open vents, so it can be used in any orientation without maintenance. It recombines the gases of overcharge internally.",
        "related": [
          "lead-acid",
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          "sulfation",
          "auxiliary-battery"
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        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "overcharge"
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:load-profile",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Load profile",
      "properties": {
        "id": "load-profile",
        "name": "Load profile",
        "aka": [
          "duty cycle",
          "drive cycle"
        ],
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "The current or power a battery must deliver as a function of time in its application — a drive cycle for a car, a daily charge–discharge pattern for storage. Aging tests built on a realistic profile predict life better than constant-current cycling.",
        "related": [
          "cycle",
          "depth-of-discharge",
          "cycle-aging",
          "regenerative-braking",
          "load"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/load-profile/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:stationary-storage",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Stationary storage",
      "properties": {
        "id": "stationary-storage",
        "name": "Stationary storage",
        "abbr": "BESS",
        "aka": [
          "battery energy storage system",
          "ESS"
        ],
        "section": "topic-applications",
        "definition": "Batteries installed in a fixed place — a container at a solar farm, a cabinet in a home — to shift energy in time or support the grid. LFP cells dominate because cost per cycle and safety matter more than mass.",
        "related": [
          "lfp",
          "energy-management-system",
          "inverter",
          "energy-arbitrage",
          "long-duration-storage",
          "ul-9540a"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/stationary-storage/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:iec-60896",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "IEC 60896-21 and 60896-22",
      "properties": {
        "id": "iec-60896",
        "name": "IEC 60896-21 and 60896-22",
        "aka": [
          "IEC 60896"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-stationary",
        "definition": "The IEC pair for stationary valve-regulated lead–acid batteries in float service — telecoms, UPS, utility switching and emergency power. Part 21 sets the test methods; part 22 sets the requirements and explains the purpose of each test, so that a specifier can choose the ones that matter for an application.",
        "related": [
          "vrla",
          "lead-acid",
          "stationary-storage",
          "iec-62485",
          "ieee-485"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/iec-60896/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:ieee-1679",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "IEEE 1679 and 1679.1",
      "properties": {
        "id": "ieee-1679",
        "name": "IEEE 1679 and 1679.1",
        "aka": [
          "IEEE 1679",
          "IEEE 1679.1"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-stationary",
        "definition": "IEEE’s recommended practice for characterising and evaluating energy storage technologies in stationary applications, with a companion guide, 1679.1, for lithium-based batteries, revised in 2025. They give a structured way to judge a technology — description, ageing and failure modes, safety, evaluation methods and regulatory issues — before choosing it for a site.",
        "related": [
          "stationary-storage",
          "ieee-485",
          "ieee-2030-2-1",
          "aging-mechanism",
          "iec-62933"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/ieee-1679/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:charger",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Charger",
      "properties": {
        "id": "charger",
        "name": "Charger",
        "section": "topic-charging",
        "definition": "The power electronics that convert mains or DC supply into the controlled current and voltage a battery needs. For lithium-ion it runs the CC-CV profile within the limits the BMS communicates, and stops rather than floats when the cell is full.",
        "related": [
          "cc-cv-charging",
          "bms",
          "onboard-charger",
          "dc-fast-charging"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/charger/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}