{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:iec-battery-designation",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "IEC battery designation",
    "properties": {
      "id": "iec-battery-designation",
      "name": "IEC battery designation",
      "aka": [
        "IEC 60086 code",
        "battery size code",
        "LR6",
        "AA",
        "AAA",
        "6LR61"
      ],
      "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
      "definition": "The code IEC 60086 gives a primary battery: a letter for the chemistry, a letter for the shape, then a size code. No letter means zinc–carbon, L alkaline, C lithium–manganese dioxide, F lithium–iron disulfide, S silver oxide and P zinc–air; R means round. So LR6 is an alkaline AA, R03 a zinc–carbon AAA and 6LR61 six alkaline cells forming a 9 V block.",
      "related": [
        "alkaline-cell",
        "zinc-carbon",
        "lithium-manganese-dioxide",
        "coin-cell",
        "iec-60086",
        "li-ion-cell-designation"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/iec-battery-designation/",
      "mentions": [
        "primary-cell",
        "manganese"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:belongsTo/term:iec-battery-designation/topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "source": "term:iec-battery-designation",
      "target": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:iec-battery-designation/term:alkaline-cell",
      "source": "term:iec-battery-designation",
      "target": "term:alkaline-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:iec-battery-designation/term:zinc-carbon",
      "source": "term:iec-battery-designation",
      "target": "term:zinc-carbon",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:iec-battery-designation/term:lithium-manganese-dioxide",
      "source": "term:iec-battery-designation",
      "target": "term:lithium-manganese-dioxide",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:iec-battery-designation/term:coin-cell",
      "source": "term:iec-battery-designation",
      "target": "term:coin-cell",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:iec-battery-designation/term:iec-60086",
      "source": "term:iec-battery-designation",
      "target": "term:iec-60086",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:relatedTo/term:iec-battery-designation/term:li-ion-cell-designation",
      "source": "term:iec-battery-designation",
      "target": "term:li-ion-cell-designation",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/iec-battery-designation/primary-cell",
      "source": "term:iec-battery-designation",
      "target": "term:primary-cell",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/iec-battery-designation/manganese",
      "source": "term:iec-battery-designation",
      "target": "term:manganese",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-other-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Other and emerging chemistries",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "name": "Other and emerging chemistries",
        "lede": "Batteries beyond today’s lithium-ion: lead, nickel and primary cells, flow and metal–air batteries, solid-state and lithium-metal cells, and the multivalent and sodium chemistries in development.",
        "context": "Do not carry lithium-ion assumptions into every chemistry.",
        "example": "Two chemistries can meet the same energy target with different voltage windows and charge termination.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:alkaline-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Alkaline cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "alkaline-cell",
        "name": "Alkaline cell",
        "aka": [
          "zinc–manganese dioxide"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "The common 1.5 V single-use cell, with a zinc negative electrode and manganese dioxide positive in potassium hydroxide electrolyte. It is the reference point for most people’s idea of a battery, and is not rechargeable.",
        "related": [
          "primary-cell",
          "zinc-air",
          "nominal-voltage",
          "zinc-carbon",
          "nickel-oxyhydroxide-primary",
          "mercury-oxide-cell"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/alkaline-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "electrolyte",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:zinc-carbon",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Zinc–carbon cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "zinc-carbon",
        "name": "Zinc–carbon cell",
        "aka": [
          "Leclanché cell",
          "heavy-duty cell",
          "carbon-zinc battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "The original dry cell, descended from Georges Leclanché’s 1866 design: a zinc can as negative, manganese dioxide packed around a carbon rod as positive, and an ammonium chloride or zinc chloride paste. It gives 1.5 V at the lowest cost but holds far less than an alkaline cell and tends to leak as the can is consumed.",
        "related": [
          "alkaline-cell",
          "primary-cell",
          "zinc-air",
          "nominal-voltage"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/zinc-carbon/",
        "mentions": [
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-manganese-dioxide",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium–manganese dioxide cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-manganese-dioxide",
        "name": "Lithium–manganese dioxide cell",
        "abbr": "Li–MnO₂",
        "aka": [
          "CR cell",
          "lithium coin cell",
          "CR123A"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "The most common lithium primary chemistry: a lithium-metal negative, a heat-treated manganese dioxide positive and an organic electrolyte, giving 3 V. It fills CR-coded coin cells such as the CR2032 and cylindrical CR123A camera cells, and loses only about 1 % of its capacity a year in storage.",
        "related": [
          "primary-cell",
          "coin-cell",
          "lithium-thionyl-chloride",
          "lithium-carbon-monofluoride",
          "self-discharge"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-manganese-dioxide/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:coin-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Coin cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "coin-cell",
        "name": "Coin cell",
        "aka": [
          "button cell",
          "CR2032"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A small disc-shaped cell in a crimped steel case. Besides powering watches and key fobs, it is the standard laboratory format for testing a new electrode material against lithium metal.",
        "related": [
          "half-cell",
          "testing",
          "lithium-metal-anode"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/coin-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:iec-60086",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "IEC 60086",
      "properties": {
        "id": "iec-60086",
        "name": "IEC 60086",
        "aka": [
          "IEC 60086-1",
          "IEC 60086-2",
          "IEC 60086-4",
          "EN 60086"
        ],
        "section": "topic-standards-stationary",
        "definition": "The IEC series for primary batteries. Part 1 sets the electrochemical system letters, designations and test conditions; part 2, split in 2026 into parts 2-1 and 2-2, the dimensions and performance of each standard size; part 3 watch batteries; part 4 the safety of lithium primaries; part 5 the safety of aqueous ones. Medical and equipment standards cite part 4.",
        "related": [
          "iec-60086-5",
          "iec-battery-designation",
          "primary-cell",
          "iec-60601-1",
          "ansi-c18",
          "lithium-manganese-dioxide"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/iec-60086/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:li-ion-cell-designation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium-ion cell designation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "li-ion-cell-designation",
        "name": "Lithium-ion cell designation",
        "aka": [
          "IEC 61960 designation",
          "INR18650",
          "ICR18650",
          "IMR",
          "cell type code"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "The code IEC 61960-3 gives a portable lithium secondary cell: three letters, then its dimensions. The first letter names the negative electrode — I for carbon, L for lithium metal — the second the positive, such as C cobalt, N nickel, M manganese or Fp iron phosphate, and the third the shape, R round or P prismatic. INR18650 is a nickel-based cell 18 mm across and 65 mm long.",
        "related": [
          "cylindrical-cell",
          "iec-61960-3",
          "lco",
          "nmc",
          "iec-battery-designation",
          "prismatic-cell"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/li-ion-cell-designation/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "secondary-cell",
          "cobalt",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:primary-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Primary cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "primary-cell",
        "name": "Primary cell",
        "aka": [
          "non-rechargeable battery",
          "primary battery"
        ],
        "section": "topic-other-chemistries",
        "definition": "A cell designed to be discharged once and not recharged, such as an alkaline or lithium–manganese dioxide cell. Its reaction is not reversible in practice, unlike the secondary cells this glossary is mostly about.",
        "related": [
          "secondary-cell",
          "lithium-ion",
          "iec-60086-5",
          "lithium-iron-disulfide",
          "iec-60086"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/primary-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "lithium-manganese-dioxide",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:manganese",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Manganese",
      "properties": {
        "id": "manganese",
        "name": "Manganese",
        "aka": [
          "manganese sulfate",
          "high-purity manganese sulfate",
          "HPMSM"
        ],
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "A cheap, abundant metal used in NMC, LMO and LMFP positive electrodes and in alkaline cells. Ore comes mostly from South Africa, Gabon and Australia, but about 95 % of battery-grade high-purity manganese sulfate was refined in China in 2024, which puts manganese on critical-raw-material lists despite plentiful reserves.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lmo",
          "lmfp",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "cobalt",
          "nickel-sulfate"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/manganese/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}