{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:high-nickel",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "High-nickel cathode",
    "properties": {
      "id": "high-nickel",
      "name": "High-nickel cathode",
      "aka": [
        "Ni-rich"
      ],
      "section": "topic-chemistries",
      "definition": "A layered oxide with 80 % or more nickel, such as NMC811 or NCA. Nickel raises capacity and lowers cobalt content, but the material is less thermally stable, more sensitive to moisture and ages faster at high voltage.",
      "related": [
        "nmc",
        "nca",
        "cathode-active-material",
        "thermal-runaway",
        "cei",
        "mid-nickel"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/high-nickel/",
      "mentions": [
        "cobalt",
        "layered-oxide"
      ]
    }
  },
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      "source": "term:high-nickel",
      "target": "term:nmc",
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    },
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      "id": "edge:676",
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      }
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      "id": "edge:680",
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      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "edge:mentions/high-nickel/cobalt",
      "source": "term:high-nickel",
      "target": "term:cobalt",
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  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-chemistries",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Lithium-ion chemistries and cell formats",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-chemistries",
        "name": "Lithium-ion chemistries and cell formats",
        "lede": "The electrode materials that define a lithium-ion cell, the crystal structures behind them, and the shapes cells are built in.",
        "context": "Separate chemistry from form factor.",
        "example": "Two cylindrical cells can share dimensions yet differ in cathode, capacity and current limits.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-architecture/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell architecture"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nmc",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "NMC",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nmc",
        "name": "NMC",
        "aka": [
          "NCM",
          "nickel manganese cobalt oxide",
          "LiNiMnCoO₂"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A family of layered-oxide positive electrode materials, LiNiₓMnᵧCo₁₋ₓ₋ᵧO₂, used in many electric-vehicle cells. Variants are named by their metal ratio: NMC811 has eight parts nickel to one each of manganese and cobalt.",
        "related": [
          "cathode-active-material",
          "high-nickel",
          "nca",
          "lfp",
          "cobalt"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Read the composition label",
          "text": "NMC811 denotes nominal nickel:manganese:cobalt proportions of 8:1:1 in the transition-metal component, not 80% nickel by whole-cell mass."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nmc/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:nca",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "NCA",
      "properties": {
        "id": "nca",
        "name": "NCA",
        "aka": [
          "nickel cobalt aluminium oxide"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A layered-oxide positive material, LiNi₀.₈Co₀.₁₅Al₀.₀₅O₂ in its classic form, with aluminium in place of the manganese of NMC. It offers high specific energy and is associated with long-range electric cars built from cylindrical cells.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "high-nickel",
          "cathode-active-material",
          "cylindrical-cell",
          "ncma"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/nca/",
        "mentions": [
          "specific-energy",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cathode-active-material",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cathode active material",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cathode-active-material",
        "name": "Cathode active material",
        "abbr": "CAM",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The lithium-containing compound in the positive electrode — NMC, NCA, LFP or LCO powder — that supplies the cell’s cyclable lithium. It is the most expensive material in most cells and sets the nominal voltage and much of the energy density.",
        "related": [
          "active-material",
          "nmc",
          "lfp",
          "precursor",
          "specific-capacity"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cathode-active-material/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "nominal-voltage",
          "energy-density"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:thermal-runaway",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Thermal runaway",
      "properties": {
        "id": "thermal-runaway",
        "name": "Thermal runaway",
        "section": "topic-safety",
        "definition": "Self-accelerating heating in a cell: heat speeds up reactions that release more heat, until the cell vents, catches fire or ruptures. An internal short, overcharge or external heating can trigger it.",
        "related": [
          "onset-temperature",
          "thermal-propagation",
          "venting",
          "separator-shutdown",
          "thermal-runaway-energy",
          "exothermic"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#short-circuit",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/thermal-runaway/",
        "mentions": [
          "overcharge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cei",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cathode–electrolyte interphase",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cei",
        "name": "Cathode–electrolyte interphase",
        "abbr": "CEI",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "The counterpart of the SEI on the positive electrode: a thin layer of electrolyte oxidation products on the oxide surface. It is thinner and less stable than the SEI, and its growth contributes to impedance rise, especially at high voltage.",
        "related": [
          "sei",
          "electrolyte-decomposition",
          "impedance-rise",
          "high-nickel"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cei/",
        "mentions": [
          "impedance",
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "electrolyte",
          "oxidation"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:mid-nickel",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Mid-nickel cathode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "mid-nickel",
        "name": "Mid-nickel cathode",
        "aka": [
          "mid-Ni",
          "high-voltage mid-nickel",
          "NMC532",
          "NMC622"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "An NMC with roughly 50–70 % nickel, such as NMC532 or NMC622. Charging it to higher cut-off voltages, about 4.3–4.4 V and often as single crystals, recovers much of the capacity of high-nickel grades while keeping better thermal stability, lower cost and longer life — a common compromise for mainstream EV cells.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "high-nickel",
          "single-crystal",
          "layered-oxide",
          "voltage-window"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/mid-nickel/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cobalt",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cobalt",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cobalt",
        "name": "Cobalt",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The metal that stabilises layered-oxide cathodes, mined largely in the Democratic Republic of Congo under scrutiny for working conditions. Its price and ethics have driven the industry from LCO and NMC111 towards high-nickel and cobalt-free LFP.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lco",
          "high-nickel",
          "critical-raw-materials",
          "due-diligence"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cobalt/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:layered-oxide",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Layered oxide",
      "properties": {
        "id": "layered-oxide",
        "name": "Layered oxide",
        "abbr": "LTMO",
        "aka": [
          "layered transition-metal oxide",
          "α-NaFeO₂ structure",
          "O3 structure",
          "P2 structure"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "The crystal structure of LCO, NMC and NCA: close-packed oxygen layers with lithium and transition-metal ions in alternate layers of octahedral sites, so lithium moves in two-dimensional sheets. The structure offers high capacity and voltage but can distort or mix cations when deeply delithiated. Sodium versions are labelled O3 or P2 by their stacking.",
        "related": [
          "nmc",
          "lco",
          "nca",
          "structural-degradation",
          "spinel-structure",
          "sodium-ion"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/layered-oxide/",
        "mentions": [
          "stacking"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reference:manthiram-cathodes",
      "type": "Reference",
      "label": "A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry",
      "properties": {
        "title": "A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry",
        "publisher": "Nature Communications",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15355-0",
        "type": "Review article",
        "scope": "Layered oxides, spinels and polyanion cathodes; links between composition, structure and performance.",
        "year": 2020,
        "authors": [
          "Arumugam Manthiram"
        ],
        "accessed": "2026-10-27"
      }
    }
  ]
}