{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:graphite",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Graphite",
    "properties": {
      "id": "graphite",
      "name": "Graphite",
      "section": "topic-components",
      "definition": "Layered carbon, the negative active material of nearly all lithium-ion cells. Lithium intercalates between its layers up to LiC₆, a theoretical 372 mAh/g, at a potential about 0.1 V above lithium metal.",
      "related": [
        "anode-active-material",
        "intercalation",
        "natural-graphite",
        "synthetic-graphite",
        "lithium-plating"
      ],
      "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
      "example": {
        "title": "Compare matching mass bases",
        "text": "A graphite value per gram of active material cannot be directly compared with a value including binder, additive and foil."
      },
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/graphite/",
      "mentions": [
        "milliampere-hour",
        "active-material"
      ]
    }
  },
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      "id": "edge:384",
      "source": "term:graphite",
      "target": "topic:topic-components",
      "type": "belongsTo",
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    {
      "id": "edge:385",
      "source": "term:graphite",
      "target": "term:anode-active-material",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
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      "id": "edge:386",
      "source": "term:graphite",
      "target": "term:intercalation",
      "type": "relatedTo",
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        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "edge:387",
      "source": "term:graphite",
      "target": "term:natural-graphite",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:388",
      "source": "term:graphite",
      "target": "term:synthetic-graphite",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:389",
      "source": "term:graphite",
      "target": "term:lithium-plating",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/graphite/milliampere-hour",
      "source": "term:graphite",
      "target": "term:milliampere-hour",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
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    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/graphite/active-material",
      "source": "term:graphite",
      "target": "term:active-material",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
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    {
      "id": "edge:392",
      "source": "term:graphite",
      "target": "lesson:fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
      "type": "explainedIn",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components"
      }
    }
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  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-components",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Cell components and electrode materials",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-components",
        "name": "Cell components and electrode materials",
        "lede": "What a cell is physically made of — active materials, binders, additives, foils and tabs — and how its electrodes are put together.",
        "context": "Connect each material with its function.",
        "example": "Electrons travel through additive, foil and tab; ions use electrolyte and separator pathways.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:anode-active-material",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Anode active material",
      "properties": {
        "id": "anode-active-material",
        "name": "Anode active material",
        "abbr": "AAM",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The lithium host in the negative electrode: natural or synthetic graphite in almost every lithium-ion cell today, sometimes blended with a few percent of silicon to raise capacity.",
        "related": [
          "active-material",
          "graphite",
          "silicon-anode",
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        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "synthetic-graphite"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:intercalation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Intercalation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "intercalation",
        "name": "Intercalation",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "Lithium inserting into, and leaving, the host structure of an electrode material — between graphite layers, for example — without destroying it.",
        "related": [
          "graphite",
          "rocking-chair",
          "lithium-plating",
          "conversion-reaction",
          "alloying"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#plating",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/intercalation/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:natural-graphite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Natural graphite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "natural-graphite",
        "name": "Natural graphite",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Graphite mined as flake, then milled, spheroidised and coated for use as a negative active material. It is cheaper than synthetic graphite and has slightly higher capacity, with more variability between sources.",
        "related": [
          "graphite",
          "synthetic-graphite",
          "anode-active-material"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/natural-graphite/",
        "mentions": [
          "active-material"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:synthetic-graphite",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Synthetic graphite",
      "properties": {
        "id": "synthetic-graphite",
        "name": "Synthetic graphite",
        "aka": [
          "artificial graphite"
        ],
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Graphite made by heating petroleum coke or needle coke to about 3000 °C, which gives uniform, long-lived particles at a high energy cost. It is preferred for fast-charge and long-life cells.",
        "related": [
          "graphite",
          "natural-graphite",
          "anode-active-material"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/synthetic-graphite/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-plating",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium plating",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-plating",
        "name": "Lithium plating",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "Lithium metal depositing on the negative-electrode surface instead of intercalating into it. It is promoted by charging at low temperature or high current.",
        "related": [
          "dendrite",
          "fast-charging",
          "intercalation",
          "np-ratio",
          "dead-lithium",
          "electrodeposition"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#plating",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-plating/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:milliampere-hour",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Milliampere-hour",
      "properties": {
        "id": "milliampere-hour",
        "name": "Milliampere-hour",
        "abbr": "mAh",
        "section": "topic-units",
        "definition": "One thousandth of an ampere-hour, the capacity unit used for small cells. A phone cell of 4500 mAh holds 4.5 Ah; multiplied by its nominal voltage that is about 17 Wh.",
        "unit": "mAh",
        "related": [
          "ampere-hour",
          "watt-hour"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/milliampere-hour/",
        "mentions": [
          "nominal-voltage"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:active-material",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Active material",
      "properties": {
        "id": "active-material",
        "name": "Active material",
        "abbr": "AM",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The part of an electrode that actually stores lithium — graphite on the negative side, an oxide or phosphate on the positive. It makes up most of the electrode coating; the rest is binder and conductive additive.",
        "related": [
          "cathode-active-material",
          "anode-active-material",
          "binder",
          "conductive-additive",
          "specific-capacity"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#composite",
        "example": {
          "title": "Choose a mass basis",
          "text": "A 100 g coating containing 95 g active material has different specific-capacity numbers when normalized to active mass versus total coating mass."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/active-material/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "graphite",
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lesson:fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
      "type": "Lesson",
      "label": "Lesson 1 · Cell anatomy",
      "properties": {
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/"
      }
    }
  ]
}