{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:grading",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Grading",
    "properties": {
      "id": "grading",
      "name": "Grading",
      "aka": [
        "binning",
        "sorting"
      ],
      "section": "topic-manufacturing",
      "definition": "Sorting finished cells into bins by capacity and resistance so a module is built from closely matched cells. Mismatched cells would force the pack to balance constantly and age its weakest cell fastest.",
      "related": [
        "end-of-line-testing",
        "cell-to-cell-variation",
        "cell-balancing"
      ],
      "example": {
        "title": "State the sorting criterion",
        "text": "Cells in the same capacity band can differ in resistance. One grading criterion does not establish uniformity in every property."
      },
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/grading/",
      "mentions": [
        "weakest-cell"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:2514",
      "source": "term:grading",
      "target": "topic:topic-manufacturing",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:2515",
      "source": "term:grading",
      "target": "term:end-of-line-testing",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:2516",
      "source": "term:grading",
      "target": "term:cell-to-cell-variation",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:2517",
      "source": "term:grading",
      "target": "term:cell-balancing",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/grading/weakest-cell",
      "source": "term:grading",
      "target": "term:weakest-cell",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-manufacturing",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Manufacturing",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-manufacturing",
        "name": "Manufacturing",
        "lede": "The steps that turn powders and foils into a finished cell, in production order.",
        "context": "Place operations and quality checks in process order.",
        "example": "An electrode can meet coating mass targets but fail adhesion or moisture checks later.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/",
        "lesson_label": "Open production"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:end-of-line-testing",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "End-of-line testing",
      "properties": {
        "id": "end-of-line-testing",
        "name": "End-of-line testing",
        "abbr": "EOL test",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "The final measurements on every finished cell — capacity, internal resistance and open-circuit voltage — used to reject faulty cells and sort good ones into matched grades.",
        "related": [
          "grading",
          "capacity-test",
          "k-value",
          "cell-finishing"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-production/#finishing",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/end-of-line-testing/",
        "mentions": [
          "internal-resistance",
          "open-circuit-voltage"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cell-to-cell-variation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cell-to-cell variation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cell-to-cell-variation",
        "name": "Cell-to-cell variation",
        "section": "topic-state",
        "definition": "The spread in capacity, resistance and self-discharge between nominally identical cells, from manufacturing and from unequal temperatures in service. It is why packs need balancing and why grading matches cells before assembly.",
        "related": [
          "cell-balancing",
          "grading",
          "end-of-line-testing",
          "thermal-management"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cell-to-cell-variation/",
        "mentions": [
          "self-discharge"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cell-balancing",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cell balancing",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cell-balancing",
        "name": "Cell balancing",
        "section": "topic-state",
        "definition": "Equalising the state of charge of cells in series, since the pack is limited by its emptiest cell on discharge and its fullest on charge. Passive balancing bleeds charge from high cells through resistors; active balancing moves it between cells.",
        "related": [
          "bms",
          "series-parallel",
          "state-of-charge",
          "cell-to-cell-variation"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Pack average versus cell limits",
          "text": "Average pack SOC can look acceptable while one series cell reaches its voltage limit. One aggregate SOC state does not demonstrate cell balancing."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cell-balancing/",
        "mentions": [
          "active-balancing"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:weakest-cell",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Weakest cell",
      "properties": {
        "id": "weakest-cell",
        "name": "Weakest cell",
        "aka": [
          "limiting cell",
          "weakest link"
        ],
        "section": "topic-state",
        "definition": "The cell in a series string that reaches a voltage limit first — through lower capacity, higher resistance or a different SOC — and so sets the usable capacity and power of the whole pack. Balancing can correct an SOC offset but not a capacity deficit, so one weak cell among hundreds retires the pack early unless replaced.",
        "related": [
          "cell-to-cell-variation",
          "cell-balancing",
          "series-parallel",
          "state-of-health",
          "remanufacturing"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/weakest-cell/",
        "mentions": [
          "usable-capacity",
          "state-of-charge",
          "string"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}