{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:gain-scheduling",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Gain scheduling",
    "properties": {
      "id": "gain-scheduling",
      "name": "Gain scheduling",
      "section": "topic-data",
      "definition": "Changing a controller’s or estimator’s gains with the operating point, usually by look-up tables indexed by measured variables. Because a cell’s resistance and dynamics change sharply with temperature and SOC, BMS thermal loops and state estimators often switch or interpolate their parameters across those ranges instead of using one fixed tuning.",
      "related": [
        "pid-controller",
        "kalman-filter",
        "equivalent-circuit-model",
        "feedback-feedforward-control",
        "plant-model"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/gain-scheduling/",
      "mentions": [
        "state-of-charge",
        "bms"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:5314",
      "source": "term:gain-scheduling",
      "target": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5315",
      "source": "term:gain-scheduling",
      "target": "term:pid-controller",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5316",
      "source": "term:gain-scheduling",
      "target": "term:kalman-filter",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5317",
      "source": "term:gain-scheduling",
      "target": "term:equivalent-circuit-model",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5318",
      "source": "term:gain-scheduling",
      "target": "term:feedback-feedforward-control",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:5319",
      "source": "term:gain-scheduling",
      "target": "term:plant-model",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/gain-scheduling/state-of-charge",
      "source": "term:gain-scheduling",
      "target": "term:state-of-charge",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/gain-scheduling/bms",
      "source": "term:gain-scheduling",
      "target": "term:bms",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-data",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Data, communication and electronics",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-data",
        "name": "Data, communication and electronics",
        "lede": "The control units, chips, protocols and file formats through which a battery is measured, controlled and logged.",
        "context": "Separate quantities from encoding and transport.",
        "example": "2500 in a log might mean 25.00 °C, 2.5 V or raw counts. Units and scale must accompany the value.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/battery-basics/",
        "lesson_label": "Open battery basics"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:pid-controller",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "PID controller",
      "properties": {
        "id": "pid-controller",
        "name": "PID controller",
        "abbr": "PID",
        "aka": [
          "proportional–integral–derivative controller",
          "PI controller"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "A feedback controller whose output is a weighted sum of the present error, its accumulated integral and its rate of change. It is the workhorse of battery systems — holding coolant temperature with a pump or compressor, regulating charger current and voltage — and often runs as PI only, without the derivative term.",
        "formula": "u = K_p·e + K_i·∫e dt + K_d·de/dt",
        "related": [
          "feedback-feedforward-control",
          "gain-scheduling",
          "thermal-management",
          "plant-model",
          "model-predictive-control"
        ],
        "example": {
          "title": "Separate three controller contributions",
          "text": "For an illustrative error e = 2, accumulated error 3 s and error slope −0.5/s, gains Kp = 1, Ki = 0.5/s and Kd = 0.2 s give u = 2 + 1.5 − 0.1 = 3.4. Output limits and anti-windup are separate design choices."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/pid-controller/",
        "mentions": [
          "charger",
          "refrigerant-loop"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:kalman-filter",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Kalman filter",
      "properties": {
        "id": "kalman-filter",
        "name": "Kalman filter",
        "section": "topic-state",
        "definition": "A recursive estimator that blends a model prediction with noisy measurements according to how much each is trusted. In a BMS an extended Kalman filter combines coulomb counting with a voltage model to track SOC and sometimes resistance.",
        "related": [
          "coulomb-counting",
          "equivalent-circuit-model",
          "state-of-charge",
          "bms",
          "fuzzy-logic",
          "data-driven-soc-estimation"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/kalman-filter/",
        "mentions": [
          "coulomb"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:equivalent-circuit-model",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Equivalent circuit model",
      "properties": {
        "id": "equivalent-circuit-model",
        "name": "Equivalent circuit model",
        "abbr": "ECM",
        "aka": [
          "Thevenin model"
        ],
        "section": "topic-transport",
        "definition": "A cell model built from a voltage source for OCV, a series resistor and one or more RC pairs for the slower dynamics. Its few parameters are fitted from pulse tests, and it is what most battery management systems run in real time.",
        "related": [
          "rc-pair",
          "open-circuit-voltage",
          "hppc",
          "kalman-filter",
          "single-particle-model"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/equivalent-circuit-model/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:feedback-feedforward-control",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Feedback and feedforward control",
      "properties": {
        "id": "feedback-feedforward-control",
        "name": "Feedback and feedforward control",
        "aka": [
          "closed-loop control",
          "open-loop control",
          "feedback control",
          "feedforward control"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "Two ways of deciding a control input. Feedback measures the result and corrects an error after it appears; feedforward acts in advance on a known disturbance or setpoint, using a model. A battery cooling loop may feed forward the heat expected from the requested current and use feedback on cell temperature to trim the remaining error.",
        "related": [
          "pid-controller",
          "plant-model",
          "model-predictive-control",
          "thermal-management",
          "heat-generation"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/feedback-feedforward-control/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:plant-model",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Plant model",
      "properties": {
        "id": "plant-model",
        "name": "Plant model",
        "aka": [
          "system model"
        ],
        "section": "topic-data",
        "definition": "A model of the system being controlled — cells, pack, cooling loop, charger — as distinct from the controller itself. Engineers tune and verify BMS software against it in model-, software- and hardware-in-the-loop tests, so its fidelity, often an equivalent circuit model coupled to a thermal model, limits how much those tests prove.",
        "related": [
          "hil",
          "equivalent-circuit-model",
          "thermal-model",
          "digital-twin",
          "battery-emulator"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/plant-model/",
        "mentions": [
          "charger",
          "bms",
          "firmware"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:state-of-charge",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "State of charge",
      "properties": {
        "id": "state-of-charge",
        "name": "State of charge",
        "abbr": "SOC",
        "section": "topic-state",
        "definition": "How full a cell is, as a fraction of its available capacity. State of charge, like temperature, affects how fast a stored cell ages.",
        "unit": "%",
        "related": [
          "depth-of-discharge",
          "ocv-soc-curve",
          "coulomb-counting",
          "state-of-health",
          "bms"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-aging/#storage-soc",
        "example": {
          "title": "Interpret a charge inventory",
          "text": "If available capacity is 5 Ah and 3 Ah remains by the chosen estimator, SOC is 60%. A different estimate of available capacity changes this percentage, so compare SOC values only with the capacity convention recorded."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/state-of-charge/",
        "mentions": [
          "usable-capacity"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:bms",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Battery management system",
      "properties": {
        "id": "bms",
        "name": "Battery management system",
        "abbr": "BMS",
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The electronics and software that keep a battery inside its safe window: measuring every cell voltage and many temperatures, estimating SOC and SOH, balancing cells, computing current limits, controlling the contactors and reporting over the vehicle network.",
        "related": [
          "state-of-charge",
          "cell-balancing",
          "state-of-power",
          "cell-supervision-circuit",
          "contactor",
          "can-bus"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/battery-basics/#cell-module-pack",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/bms/",
        "mentions": [
          "state-of-health",
          "cell-voltage"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}