{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:functional-unit",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Functional unit",
    "properties": {
      "id": "functional-unit",
      "name": "Functional unit",
      "section": "topic-sustainability",
      "definition": "The quantified service against which a life-cycle assessment reports its results, so that different products can be compared fairly. For EU battery carbon footprints it is one kilowatt-hour of total energy delivered over the battery’s service life, so a longer-lived battery spreads its production emissions over more energy.",
      "related": [
        "life-cycle-assessment",
        "carbon-footprint-declaration",
        "system-boundary",
        "iso-14040"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/functional-unit/",
      "mentions": [
        "kilowatt-hour",
        "service-life"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
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      "id": "edge:6940",
      "source": "term:functional-unit",
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      "type": "belongsTo",
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    {
      "id": "edge:6941",
      "source": "term:functional-unit",
      "target": "term:life-cycle-assessment",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:6942",
      "source": "term:functional-unit",
      "target": "term:carbon-footprint-declaration",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
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      "id": "edge:6943",
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      "type": "relatedTo",
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    {
      "id": "edge:6944",
      "source": "term:functional-unit",
      "target": "term:iso-14040",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/functional-unit/kilowatt-hour",
      "source": "term:functional-unit",
      "target": "term:kilowatt-hour",
      "type": "mentions",
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      "id": "edge:mentions/functional-unit/service-life",
      "source": "term:functional-unit",
      "target": "term:service-life",
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        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
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    {
      "id": "topic:topic-sustainability",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Supply chain and regulation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-sustainability",
        "name": "Supply chain and regulation",
        "lede": "Where the materials come from, what a battery’s carbon footprint is, and the rules that govern it from mine to market.",
        "context": "Keep boundaries, dates, geography and units.",
        "example": "Carbon footprints can be compared only with compatible boundaries and functional units.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/",
        "lesson_label": "Open production context"
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:life-cycle-assessment",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Life-cycle assessment",
      "properties": {
        "id": "life-cycle-assessment",
        "name": "Life-cycle assessment",
        "abbr": "LCA",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The method for totalling a product’s environmental impact from raw material to end of life, standardised in ISO 14040. For a battery it is what turns mining, production, use and recycling data into a carbon footprint.",
        "related": [
          "carbon-footprint",
          "recycling",
          "eu-battery-regulation"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/life-cycle-assessment/",
        "mentions": [
          "end-of-life",
          "iso-14040"
        ]
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    {
      "id": "term:carbon-footprint-declaration",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Carbon footprint declaration",
      "properties": {
        "id": "carbon-footprint-declaration",
        "name": "Carbon footprint declaration",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The first lifecycle obligation of the EU Battery Regulation for EV, industrial and LMT batteries: a declared carbon footprint per kWh calculated to a harmonised method, followed by performance classes and, later, a maximum threshold above which a battery cannot be sold.",
        "unit": "kg CO₂e/kWh",
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          "battery-passport"
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        "mentions": [
          "kilowatt-hour"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:system-boundary",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "System boundary",
      "properties": {
        "id": "system-boundary",
        "name": "System boundary",
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The line in a life-cycle assessment between the processes counted and those left out. The EU’s battery carbon-footprint rules include raw-material extraction, production, distribution and end of life but exclude the use stage, so the footprint describes how the battery is made and recycled, not how clean the electricity that charges it is.",
        "related": [
          "life-cycle-assessment",
          "functional-unit",
          "cradle-to-grave",
          "carbon-footprint-declaration"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/system-boundary/",
        "mentions": [
          "end-of-life"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:iso-14040",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "ISO 14040 and ISO 14044",
      "properties": {
        "id": "iso-14040",
        "name": "ISO 14040 and ISO 14044",
        "aka": [
          "ISO 14040",
          "ISO 14044",
          "ISO 14040/44"
        ],
        "section": "topic-sustainability",
        "definition": "The pair of international standards that define life-cycle assessment: ISO 14040 sets out the principles and framework, ISO 14044 the requirements. They prescribe four phases — goal and scope, inventory, impact assessment and interpretation — and a critical review before comparisons are published; battery footprint methods such as PEF build on them.",
        "related": [
          "life-cycle-assessment",
          "functional-unit",
          "system-boundary",
          "product-environmental-footprint",
          "carbon-footprint"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/iso-14040/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:kilowatt-hour",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Kilowatt-hour",
      "properties": {
        "id": "kilowatt-hour",
        "name": "Kilowatt-hour",
        "abbr": "kWh",
        "section": "topic-units",
        "definition": "One thousand watt-hours, the unit for pack and system energy. An electric car carries 40–100 kWh; grid storage is quoted in megawatt-hours (1000 kWh) and factory output in gigawatt-hours per year.",
        "unit": "kWh",
        "related": [
          "watt-hour",
          "nominal-energy",
          "cost-per-kwh",
          "gigafactory"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/kilowatt-hour/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:service-life",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Service life",
      "properties": {
        "id": "service-life",
        "name": "Service life",
        "aka": [
          "runtime"
        ],
        "section": "topic-ratings",
        "definition": "The total time a battery stays useful in its application, set by whichever of calendar life and cycle life runs out first. Runtime, by contrast, is the time a single charge lasts under a given load.",
        "related": [
          "calendar-life",
          "cycle-life",
          "end-of-life",
          "warranty"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/service-life/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    }
  ]
}