{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:friction-stir-welding",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Friction stir welding",
    "properties": {
      "id": "friction-stir-welding",
      "name": "Friction stir welding",
      "abbr": "FSW",
      "section": "topic-manufacturing",
      "definition": "Joining metal by plunging a rotating pin tool into the joint line and traversing it, so friction softens the material without melting it and the pin stirs the two sides together. It welds aluminium extrusions into leak-tight battery trays and seals cooling plates with low distortion and without the porosity and cracking of fusion welds.",
      "related": [
        "enclosure",
        "cooling-plate",
        "laser-welding",
        "resistance-welding"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/friction-stir-welding/",
      "mentions": [
        "porosity"
      ]
    }
  },
  "edges": [
    {
      "id": "edge:4904",
      "source": "term:friction-stir-welding",
      "target": "topic:topic-manufacturing",
      "type": "belongsTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4905",
      "source": "term:friction-stir-welding",
      "target": "term:enclosure",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4906",
      "source": "term:friction-stir-welding",
      "target": "term:cooling-plate",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4907",
      "source": "term:friction-stir-welding",
      "target": "term:laser-welding",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:4908",
      "source": "term:friction-stir-welding",
      "target": "term:resistance-welding",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/friction-stir-welding/porosity",
      "source": "term:friction-stir-welding",
      "target": "term:porosity",
      "type": "mentions",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "method": "build_glossary.mention_index + mentions",
        "field": "definition",
        "meaning": "Text mention; not a causal claim"
      }
    }
  ],
  "neighbors": [
    {
      "id": "topic:topic-manufacturing",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Manufacturing",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-manufacturing",
        "name": "Manufacturing",
        "lede": "The steps that turn powders and foils into a finished cell, in production order.",
        "context": "Place operations and quality checks in process order.",
        "example": "An electrode can meet coating mass targets but fail adhesion or moisture checks later.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-production/",
        "lesson_label": "Open production"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:enclosure",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Enclosure",
      "properties": {
        "id": "enclosure",
        "name": "Enclosure",
        "aka": [
          "battery housing",
          "battery tray"
        ],
        "section": "topic-pack",
        "definition": "The sealed case that carries the modules, protects them in a crash, keeps water out to an IP67 rating or better and vents gas in a thermal event. In many cars it is a structural part of the body.",
        "related": [
          "pack",
          "ip-rating",
          "cell-to-chassis",
          "venting",
          "gigacasting",
          "ul-94"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/enclosure/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:cooling-plate",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Cooling plate",
      "properties": {
        "id": "cooling-plate",
        "name": "Cooling plate",
        "aka": [
          "cold plate"
        ],
        "section": "topic-thermal",
        "definition": "A flat aluminium channel assembly under or between the cells through which coolant, usually a water–glycol mix, is pumped. Heat crosses from cell to plate through a thermal interface material; the plate also sets the pack’s temperature uniformity.",
        "related": [
          "thermal-management",
          "thermal-interface-material",
          "immersion-cooling"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/cooling-plate/",
        "mentions": [
          "thermal-gradient",
          "coolant"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:laser-welding",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Laser welding",
      "properties": {
        "id": "laser-welding",
        "name": "Laser welding",
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Joining metal with a focused laser beam, used to seal cans, attach caps and connect busbars to cell terminals. It is fast and precise but sensitive to gaps and reflectivity, so copper joints need special wavelengths or beam shaping.",
        "related": [
          "ultrasonic-welding",
          "tab-welding",
          "busbar",
          "can"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/laser-welding/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:resistance-welding",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Resistance welding",
      "properties": {
        "id": "resistance-welding",
        "name": "Resistance welding",
        "aka": [
          "resistance spot welding",
          "spot welding"
        ],
        "section": "topic-manufacturing",
        "definition": "Joining metals by clamping them between electrodes and passing a short, high current pulse, so contact resistance melts a small nugget. It joins the negative tab to the can base inside cylindrical cells and nickel strips to cell terminals in tool and e-bike packs; for copper and aluminium busbars laser welding has largely taken over, as they conduct too well to heat.",
        "related": [
          "laser-welding",
          "ultrasonic-welding",
          "tab-welding",
          "cell-canning",
          "busbar"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/resistance-welding/",
        "mentions": [
          "micromobility",
          "contact-resistance"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:porosity",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Porosity",
      "properties": {
        "id": "porosity",
        "name": "Porosity",
        "abbr": "ε",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The fraction of a layer’s volume that is empty space. In a lithium-ion electrode the pores — roughly 20–35 % of the volume after calendering — are filled with electrolyte, which carries ions to the particles.",
        "unit": "—",
        "related": [
          "porous-electrode",
          "tortuosity",
          "calendering",
          "bruggeman-relation"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#porosity",
        "example": {
          "title": "Use the volume basis",
          "text": "Pore volume of 0.3 cm³ within 1 cm³ total electrode volume means 30% porosity. It does not specify connectivity or tortuosity."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/porosity/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}