{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:focused-ion-beam-sem",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Focused ion beam SEM",
    "properties": {
      "id": "focused-ion-beam-sem",
      "name": "Focused ion beam SEM",
      "abbr": "FIB-SEM",
      "aka": [
        "focused ion beam",
        "FIB",
        "plasma FIB",
        "serial sectioning"
      ],
      "section": "topic-analysis",
      "definition": "A scanning electron microscope paired with an ion beam that mills material away at a chosen spot. It cuts clean cross-sections through particles and coatings, lifts out thin slices for TEM, and by alternately milling and imaging rebuilds an electrode’s microstructure in 3D for porosity and tortuosity.",
      "related": [
        "scanning-electron-microscopy",
        "transmission-electron-microscopy",
        "porosity",
        "tortuosity",
        "x-ray-computed-tomography"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/focused-ion-beam-sem/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrode"
      ]
    }
  },
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      "id": "edge:5562",
      "source": "term:focused-ion-beam-sem",
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      "source": "term:focused-ion-beam-sem",
      "target": "term:porosity",
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        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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    },
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      "id": "edge:5565",
      "source": "term:focused-ion-beam-sem",
      "target": "term:tortuosity",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
      }
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      "id": "edge:5566",
      "source": "term:focused-ion-beam-sem",
      "target": "term:x-ray-computed-tomography",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
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      "id": "topic:topic-analysis",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Materials analysis and post-mortem",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-analysis",
        "name": "Materials analysis and post-mortem",
        "lede": "The laboratory techniques that look inside electrodes, interphases and electrolytes to see what a cell is made of and how it aged.",
        "context": "Connect results with scale and specimen preparation.",
        "example": "Surface and bulk measurements may find different compositions in the same electrode without contradiction.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/labs/battery-materials-lab/",
        "lesson_label": "Open materials lab"
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      "id": "term:scanning-electron-microscopy",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Scanning electron microscopy",
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        "name": "Scanning electron microscopy",
        "abbr": "SEM",
        "section": "topic-analysis",
        "definition": "Imaging a surface with a focused electron beam at magnifications far beyond light microscopy. In battery work it shows particle cracking, plated lithium and coating morphology; cross-sections show the layer structure of an electrode.",
        "related": [
          "post-mortem",
          "particle-cracking",
          "x-ray-diffraction"
        ],
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        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "coating"
        ]
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    },
    {
      "id": "term:transmission-electron-microscopy",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Transmission electron microscopy",
      "properties": {
        "id": "transmission-electron-microscopy",
        "name": "Transmission electron microscopy",
        "abbr": "TEM",
        "aka": [
          "STEM",
          "HRTEM"
        ],
        "section": "topic-analysis",
        "definition": "Imaging by passing an electron beam through a specimen thinner than about 100 nm, fine enough to resolve rows of atoms. It reveals the nanometre-thick rock-salt layer that forms on aged nickel-rich particles, the structure of SEI and CEI, and cracks within particles; specimens are usually thinned with a focused ion beam.",
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          "focused-ion-beam-sem",
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        "mentions": [
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      "id": "term:porosity",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Porosity",
      "properties": {
        "id": "porosity",
        "name": "Porosity",
        "abbr": "ε",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "The fraction of a layer’s volume that is empty space. In a lithium-ion electrode the pores — roughly 20–35 % of the volume after calendering — are filled with electrolyte, which carries ions to the particles.",
        "unit": "—",
        "related": [
          "porous-electrode",
          "tortuosity",
          "calendering",
          "bruggeman-relation"
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        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#porosity",
        "example": {
          "title": "Use the volume basis",
          "text": "Pore volume of 0.3 cm³ within 1 cm³ total electrode volume means 30% porosity. It does not specify connectivity or tortuosity."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/porosity/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "electrolyte"
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    {
      "id": "term:tortuosity",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Tortuosity",
      "properties": {
        "id": "tortuosity",
        "name": "Tortuosity",
        "abbr": "τ",
        "section": "topic-transport",
        "definition": "How winding the path through a porous layer is, compared with a straight line through it. High tortuosity means ions travel much further than the layer is thick, which limits how fast a thick, dense electrode can be charged or discharged.",
        "unit": "—",
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          "porosity",
          "bruggeman-relation",
          "porous-electrode",
          "rate-capability",
          "ionic-path"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/tortuosity/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "winding"
        ]
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    {
      "id": "term:x-ray-computed-tomography",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "X-ray computed tomography",
      "properties": {
        "id": "x-ray-computed-tomography",
        "name": "X-ray computed tomography",
        "abbr": "CT",
        "aka": [
          "X-ray CT",
          "micro-CT",
          "nano-CT",
          "CT scan"
        ],
        "section": "topic-analysis",
        "definition": "Taking X-ray images of an object from hundreds of angles and reconstructing them into a 3D volume, without opening it. On whole cells it reveals jelly-roll deformation, electrode overhang, weld defects and foreign particles; at higher resolution it maps electrode porosity, and fast synchrotron CT has filmed thermal runaway as it happens.",
        "related": [
          "post-mortem",
          "jelly-roll",
          "focused-ion-beam-sem",
          "porosity",
          "thermal-runaway"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/x-ray-computed-tomography/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "metal-particle-contamination",
          "electrode-wrinkling"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrode",
        "name": "Electrode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A solid conductor where the cell’s reaction happens, in contact with the electrolyte. A lithium-ion cell has a negative electrode and a positive electrode, each a porous coating on a metal foil.",
        "related": [
          "negative-electrode",
          "positive-electrode",
          "porous-electrode",
          "current-collector"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-anatomy/#components",
        "example": {
          "title": "Two transport paths",
          "text": "Electrons need connected solid paths to the collector; ions need electrolyte paths to reaction sites. More of one constituent displaces others at fixed volume."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "coating"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}