{
  "node": {
    "id": "term:fluorinated-electrolyte",
    "type": "Term",
    "label": "Fluorinated electrolyte",
    "properties": {
      "id": "fluorinated-electrolyte",
      "name": "Fluorinated electrolyte",
      "aka": [
        "fluorinated solvent",
        "all-fluorinated electrolyte"
      ],
      "section": "topic-electrolytes",
      "definition": "An electrolyte whose solvents largely carry fluorine — fluorinated carbonates such as FEC, or fluorinated ethers used as diluents. Fluorine draws electron density from the solvent, raising its oxidation stability towards 5 V, and its reduction leaves a lithium-fluoride-rich SEI. That suits high-voltage cathodes and lithium metal, at higher cost and with PFAS concerns.",
      "related": [
        "fec",
        "electrochemical-stability-window",
        "sei",
        "high-concentration-electrolyte",
        "lithium-metal-anode",
        "lnmo"
      ],
      "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/fluorinated-electrolyte/",
      "mentions": [
        "electrolyte",
        "oxidation",
        "reduction"
      ]
    }
  },
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      "id": "edge:5744",
      "source": "term:fluorinated-electrolyte",
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      "id": "edge:5745",
      "source": "term:fluorinated-electrolyte",
      "target": "term:lithium-metal-anode",
      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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      "id": "edge:5746",
      "source": "term:fluorinated-electrolyte",
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      "type": "relatedTo",
      "properties": {
        "sourceFile": "terms.json",
        "meaning": "Related context; not a causal claim"
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    {
      "id": "edge:mentions/fluorinated-electrolyte/electrolyte",
      "source": "term:fluorinated-electrolyte",
      "target": "term:electrolyte",
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    {
      "id": "topic:topic-electrolytes",
      "type": "Topic",
      "label": "Electrolytes and separators",
      "properties": {
        "id": "topic-electrolytes",
        "name": "Electrolytes and separators",
        "lede": "What sits between the electrodes: liquid, gel and solid electrolytes, their salts, solvents and additives, and the separator that keeps the electrodes apart.",
        "context": "Connect transport with electronic isolation.",
        "example": "Greater liquid uptake may improve wetting while changing mechanical behavior. Several properties define separator performance.",
        "lesson_url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/fundamentals/cell-anatomy/",
        "lesson_label": "Open cell anatomy"
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    {
      "id": "term:fec",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Fluoroethylene carbonate",
      "properties": {
        "id": "fec",
        "name": "Fluoroethylene carbonate",
        "abbr": "FEC",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "A fluorinated additive, sometimes a co-solvent, that forms a lithium-fluoride-rich SEI able to survive the large volume changes of silicon and lithium-metal electrodes. It is almost universal in silicon-blend cells.",
        "related": [
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "vc",
          "silicon-anode",
          "sei"
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/fec/",
        "mentions": []
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrochemical-stability-window",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrochemical stability window",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrochemical-stability-window",
        "name": "Electrochemical stability window",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "The potential range within which an electrolyte is neither reduced nor oxidised. Carbonate electrolytes are only stable from about 1 V to 4.3 V vs Li/Li⁺; graphite operates below that, which is why the SEI, not thermodynamics, keeps the cell alive.",
        "unit": "V",
        "related": [
          "electrolyte-decomposition",
          "sei",
          "voltage-window",
          "lnmo",
          "homo-lumo"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrochemical-stability-window/",
        "mentions": [
          "graphite",
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:sei",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Solid–electrolyte interphase",
      "properties": {
        "id": "sei",
        "name": "Solid–electrolyte interphase",
        "abbr": "SEI",
        "section": "topic-aging",
        "definition": "A film of electrolyte reaction products on the negative-electrode particles — graphite, and also silicon or lithium metal. It protects the electrode from further reaction but grows slowly for the whole life of the cell, consuming cyclable lithium.",
        "related": [
          "passivation",
          "formation",
          "calendar-aging",
          "loss-of-lithium-inventory",
          "cei"
        ],
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        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/sei/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "graphite",
          "electrolyte"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:high-concentration-electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "High-concentration electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "high-concentration-electrolyte",
        "name": "High-concentration electrolyte",
        "abbr": "HCE",
        "aka": [
          "superconcentrated electrolyte",
          "localised high-concentration electrolyte",
          "LHCE",
          "water-in-salt electrolyte"
        ],
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "An electrolyte with so much salt, often 3–5 mol/L instead of the usual 1, that nearly every solvent molecule is bound to a lithium ion. Anions then decompose first and build a robust inorganic interphase, and oxidation stability rises. Viscosity and cost are high, so localised versions dilute it with a non-solvating fluorinated ether that keeps the clustered solvation structure.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "solvation",
          "fluorinated-electrolyte",
          "lifsi",
          "aqueous-battery",
          "acetonitrile-electrolyte"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/high-concentration-electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrolyte",
          "oxidation"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lithium-metal-anode",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Lithium metal anode",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lithium-metal-anode",
        "name": "Lithium metal anode",
        "section": "topic-components",
        "definition": "A negative electrode made of lithium metal itself. It stores about ten times more charge per gram than graphite, which is the main attraction of solid-state cells, but it is reactive and prone to uneven deposits.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-metal-battery",
          "dendrite",
          "solid-state-battery",
          "anode-free"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/solid-state-cell-production/#why",
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lithium-metal-anode/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode",
          "graphite"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:lnmo",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "LNMO",
      "properties": {
        "id": "lnmo",
        "name": "LNMO",
        "aka": [
          "high-voltage spinel"
        ],
        "section": "topic-chemistries",
        "definition": "A nickel-doped manganese spinel, LiNi₀.₅Mn₁.₅O₄, that works at about 4.7 V and contains no cobalt. Its high voltage stresses today’s electrolytes, which is the main obstacle to commercial use.",
        "related": [
          "lmo",
          "electrochemical-stability-window",
          "electrolyte-decomposition"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/lnmo/",
        "mentions": [
          "cobalt",
          "manganese"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:electrolyte",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Electrolyte",
      "properties": {
        "id": "electrolyte",
        "name": "Electrolyte",
        "section": "topic-electrolytes",
        "definition": "The ion-conducting medium between the electrodes. In a liquid-electrolyte cell it fills the pores of both electrodes and the separator, so it is not a separate structural layer.",
        "related": [
          "lithium-salt",
          "carbonate-solvent",
          "electrolyte-additive",
          "ionic-conductivity",
          "solid-electrolyte",
          "ionic-liquid-electrolyte"
        ],
        "lesson": "fundamentals/cell-architecture/#electrolyte",
        "example": {
          "title": "Ions and electrons",
          "text": "Electrolyte carries ions between electrodes; the external circuit carries electrons. The two paths serve different roles."
        },
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/electrolyte/",
        "mentions": [
          "separator"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:oxidation",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Oxidation",
      "properties": {
        "id": "oxidation",
        "name": "Oxidation",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "Loss of electrons by a species. On discharge the negative electrode is oxidised as lithium leaves it as Li⁺, which is why that electrode is called the anode.",
        "related": [
          "reduction",
          "anode",
          "redox-reaction"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/oxidation/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "negative-electrode"
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "term:reduction",
      "type": "Term",
      "label": "Reduction",
      "properties": {
        "id": "reduction",
        "name": "Reduction",
        "section": "topic-electrochemistry",
        "definition": "Gain of electrons by a species. On discharge the positive electrode is reduced as it takes up lithium ions and electrons, which is why it is called the cathode.",
        "related": [
          "oxidation",
          "cathode",
          "redox-reaction"
        ],
        "url": "https://lemonergy.com/learn/glossary/reduction/",
        "mentions": [
          "electrode",
          "positive-electrode"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}